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ANATOMY > OSTEOLOGY > Flashcards

OSTEOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Is Femur a long bone?

A

YES

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2
Q

Is Scapula a long bone?

A

NO

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3
Q

Is Sacrum a short bone?

A

NO

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4
Q

Is Patella a sesamoid bone?

A

YES

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5
Q

The clavicle possess a rougher upper surface

A

NO

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6
Q

Scapula possess an articular surface on its lateral angle

A

YES

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7
Q

Fibula takes part in formation of knee joint

A

NO

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8
Q

Radius is the bone of ante brachium that is located on same side as thumb

A

YES

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9
Q

Malleolus lateralis is located at distal end of tibia

A

NO

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10
Q

Glenoid cavity is a component of humerus

A

NO

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11
Q

Prominent bone markings of scapula are

A

Coracoid process, acromion process and scapular spine

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12
Q

Component bones of pectoral girdle are

A

Clavicle + Scapula

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13
Q

Structures of humerus that accept projections of ulna flexion and extensions are

A

Coronoid fossa + olecranon fossa

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14
Q

Growth in length of a bone is at

A

Epiphyseal line

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15
Q

structural feature of a typical cervical vertebra is

A

Transverse foramen

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16
Q

Head of femur articulates with

A

Acetabulum

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17
Q

Among prominent bone markings of tibia are

A

Anterior crest, tibial tuberosity + medial malleolus

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18
Q

Medial malleolus is a process on the

A

Tibia

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19
Q

Roughened vertical ridge on posterior surface of femoral shaft is

A

Linea aspera

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20
Q

Which portion of sternum attached to greatest number of ribs?

A

Body

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21
Q

Sulcus nervi ulnaire is placed

A

Behind the medial epicondyle of humerus

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22
Q

What is more familiar name for thoracic cage

A

Rib Cage

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23
Q

What is the coxal bone also known as?

A

Hip bone

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24
Q

Where in human body can sesamoid bones be found?

A

Tendons

Where tendons pass over a joint

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25
Q

How many bones in the human body

A

206

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26
Q

What type of bone are the pisiform and the patella?

A

Sesamoid

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27
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can cause

A

Rickets

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28
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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29
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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30
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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31
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

A

5 Fused

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32
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

A

4 fused

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33
Q

Which surface represents a depression in a bone?

A

Fossa

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34
Q

Medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissues called

A

Endosteum

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35
Q

What type of bone cells tears down bone during the building + remodelling process?

A

Osteoclasts

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36
Q

Cervical Vertebrae differ from lumbar vertebrae in all of these aspects except

A

Presence of transverse processes

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37
Q

What portion of the scapula articulates with clavicle?

A

Acromion

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38
Q

What location on the humerus is the site of frequent fractures?

A

Surgical neck

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39
Q

Which part of humerus receives a process by the same name that comprises the outer elbow bone?

A

Olecranon Fossa

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40
Q

What portion of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus?

A

Head

41
Q

How many phalanges are present in each hand?

A

14

42
Q

At what location do the three bones of ossa coax ossify?

A

Acetabulum

43
Q

What is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament on tibia?

A

Tibial Tuberosity

44
Q

What process makes up the outer ankle “bone”?

A

Lateral Malleolus of fibula

45
Q

Bones that form in tendons in response to stress are called:

A

Sesamoid bones

46
Q

Whats not part of the axial skeleton?

A

Os coxae

47
Q

Whats not part of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The vertebral column

48
Q

what’s not a function of the skeletal system?

A

Coordination

49
Q

what’s not protected by skeletal system?

A

muscles

50
Q

bone is primarily composed of:

A

Large amounts of Calcium + Phosphorous

51
Q

in function, skeletal system is most closely associated with:

A

muscular system

52
Q

What is not part of the bones categories:

A

thick bones

53
Q

a facet is described as:

A

flattened or shallow articulating surface

54
Q

a small pit or depression on a bone is referred to as a:

A

fovea

55
Q

large bones that enzymatically break down bone tissue and that play an important role in bone growth, remodelling, and healing are known as:

A

osteoclasts

56
Q

osteocytes within compact bone tissue are located in minute capsules, or spaces known as :

A

lacunae

57
Q

in compact bone the matrix is laid down in concentric rings called:

A

Lamellae

58
Q

what builds up bone + what breaks down done?

A

osteoblast activity + osteoclast activity

59
Q

clarification is the process of:

A

ossification

60
Q

what’s the process by which minerals are deposited in the matrix of cartilaginous bone tissue?

A

clacification

61
Q

spongy bone develops at the what centres

A

secondary ossification

62
Q

what consists of 5 histological zones?

A

Epiphyseal plate (cartilage)

63
Q

what are the 5 histological zones?

A
  1. Resting zone
  2. Proliferating zone
  3. Maturing + Hypertrophic zone
  4. Clacified cartilage zone
  5. Ossification zone
64
Q

which region transforms cartilage tissue to bone tissue?

A

ossification zone

65
Q

what’s not part of the four curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Brachial curve

66
Q

what are the four curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Pelvic curves
67
Q

Processes that limit the twisting of the vertebral column are:

A

articular processes

68
Q

what’s not part of the rib cage?

A

clavicles

69
Q

what’s the three components of sternum, listed from superior to inferior in position

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

70
Q

what structure is common to all ribs:

A

head + neck

71
Q

a fissure is:

A

a narrow, slitlike opening

72
Q

what is the medullary cavity lined with?

A

Endosteum NOT periosteum

73
Q

Trabeculae:

A

are found in spongy bone + give spongy bone a latticework appearance

74
Q

how is periosteum attached to a bone?

A

by strong collagenous fibres called ‘Sharpey’s fibres OR perforating fibres

75
Q

what’s the primary curve of the vertebrae column?

A

Thoracic + Pelvic curves;

because they are present during fatal life.

76
Q

what’s the secondary OR pensatory curves of vertebrae column?

A

Cervical + Lumbar;

developed after birth

77
Q

what’s NOT. Characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

A

Thin, long spinous processes + Transverse foramina

78
Q

What are the 6 bones / bony elements of the upper limb?

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Ulna
  3. Radius
  4. Capitates
  5. Hamate
  6. Lunate
79
Q

What are the 6 bones / bony elements of the lower limb?

A
  1. Femur
  2. Tibia
  3. Fibula
  4. Patella
  5. Calcaneus
  6. Talus
80
Q

The components of bone are?

A
  1. Cortical bone (compact) - structural
  2. Trabecular bone (spongy) - structural
  3. Bone marrow - structural + production RBC
  4. Vessels - nutritional
  5. Nerves - tropical + functional
81
Q

Different types of bone cells involved in bone homeostasis are:

A
  1. Osteoclasts
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
82
Q

Outside factors affecting bone mass are:

A
  1. Exercise
  2. Body weight
  3. Diet
  4. Menopause in women
83
Q

Fibrous connective tissue membrane which is covering outside the diaphysis is:

A

Periosteum

84
Q

Cylindrical tubes made of concentric lamellae are called:

A

Osteons

85
Q

How many + what are the types of bone in human body?

A
  1. Long bones - femur, humerus
  2. Short bones - carpals, tarsals
  3. Flat bones - scapula, sternum, cranium, rib
  4. Irregular bones - vertebrae, sacrum, hipbone
  5. Sesamoid bones - joints-kneecaps, hands, feet
86
Q

What are the functions of the 5 different bones?

A
  1. Long bones - support weight + facilitate movement
  2. Short bones - cube shaped + allow stability
  3. Flat bones - protect internal organs
  4. Irregular bones - have complex shape
  5. Sesamoid bones - reinforce tendons/ found inside tendons
87
Q

Whats the function of bones?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Mineral storage (calcium homeostasis)
  4. Hematopeisis (bone marrow -post natal)
  5. Hearing
  6. Locomotion (muscular skeletal system)
88
Q

what’s part of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. skull
  2. vertebral column
  3. rib cage
89
Q

what’s part of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  1. shoulder girdle
  2. arm, hand
  3. pelvic girdle
  4. leg, foot
90
Q

What are the 2 types of bones?

A
  1. compact bone

2. Spongy bone

91
Q

Compact bone;

A
  • AKA cortical bone
  • dense bone
  • matrix filled with solid granules
  • tiny spaces = osteocytes
  • white in colour
  • 80% of skeleton
92
Q

Spongy bone;

A
  • AKA Cancellous/ trabecular
  • surrounded by compact
  • highly vascularised + porous tissue
  • bone marrow + hematopoeitic stem cells differentiate into RBC here + WBC
  • Pink in colour
  • 20% of skeleton
93
Q

Osteoblasts;

A
  • Found in surface bone
  • Single nucleus
  • found surface of bone
  • differentiates into osteocytes
  • Positive for AP (alkaline phosphate)
94
Q

Osteocytes;

A
  • Found in matrix
  • Mono nucleus
  • Trapped in lacunae
95
Q

Osteoclasts;

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • responsible for bone degradation
  • latest cell
  • multinuclear
  • Positive for TRAP ( Tatrate Resistant Alkaline Phosphate)
96
Q

BONE MARROW CONSISTS OF;

A
  1. Stroma - contains mesenchymal stem cells = differentiate into osteoblast + osteoclast
  2. Myeloid tissue - Red marrow
  3. Fat
  4. Lymphatic tissue - infection fighting cells
97
Q

Red marrow;

A
  • Production of RBC
  • Contains haemopoetic tissue = produces blood cells
  • Highly vascularised
98
Q

Yellow Marrow;

A
  • Not as vascularised

- large no. of fat cells

99
Q

BONE CHANGES;

A
  1. Osteopenia -
  2. Osteoporosis - Osteoblasts not active enough
    - bones loss
    - weak + may break
  3. Osteopetrosis - Osteoclast deficiency or not active
    - “stone bone”
    - bones become harder
    - denser

ANATOMY (4 decks)

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