Osteology

Question 1

Components of bone?

Answer 1

• outer cortex (dense, compact)
• inner medulla (porous, spongy)
• bone marrow

Question 2

Periosteum?

Answer 2

Fibrous connective tissue covering the bones, contains vasculature and innervation.

Question 3

What is the process of bone growth?

Answer 3

Endochodrial ossification

Question 4

Each bone is divided into…

Answer 4

-epithysis (head)
-epithyseal growth plate
-metaphysis
diaphysis (between two metaphyses)

Question 5

Classes of bones?

Answer 5

flat (cranium)
long (tubular - humerus)
irregular (vertebrae)
sesamoid (patella)
short (carpals, tarsals)

Question 6

Stages of bone healing?

Answer 6

• fracture
• callus formation
• callus remodelling

Question 7

What bones constitute the axial skeleton?

Answer 7

-skull
neck
trunk

Question 8

What bones constitute the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 8

pectoral girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limb

Question 9

Bones of the skull?

Answer 9

frontal bone
sphenoid bones
parietal bones
temporal bones
occipital bone

Question 10

Bones of the facial skeleton?

Answer 10

nasal bones
zygomatic bones (prominence of the cheek)
maxillas
mandible

Question 11

How many vertebrae are there?

Answer 11

33 vertebrae:

• 7 cervical
• 12 throacic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 4 coccygeal

Question 12

Vertebra are made of…

Answer 12

vertebral body (bears weight)
vertebral foramen (for spinal cord)
vertebral arch (spinal cord protection)
transverse processes
spinous process
superior and anterior articular processes

Question 13

The first two cervical verterbrae?

Answer 13

Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)

Question 14

Ribs 1-7?

Answer 14

True ribs

Question 15

Ribs 8-10?

Answer 15

False ribs

Question 16

Ribs 11 and 12?

Answer 16

Floating ribs

Question 17

What are the types of joints, in the order of decreasing stability (but increasing mobility)?

Answer 17

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 18

Examples of fibrous joints?

Answer 18

interosseous membrane
coronal suture
saggital suture

Question 19

What is the function of fontanelles in neonates?

Answer 19

Allows bones of the skull to slide over each other, allowing passage of the baby’s head through the birth canal.

Question 20

Examples of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 20

Long bone epiphyseal growth plates.

Intervertebral discs.

Question 21

What are the features of synovial joints?

Answer 21

• bones covered with hyaline cartilage articulate with each other
• a capsule contains a joint cavity with synovial fluid
• supported by ligaments
• tendons of skeletal muscles provide movement
• bursae prevent firction

Question 22

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joints?

Answer 22

1. pivot (atlanto-axial)
2. ball and socet (hip)
3. biaxial (metacarophalangeal)
4. hinge (elbow)
5. plane (acromioclavicular)

Question 23

What is sublaxation?

Answer 23

Tear in ligament with recued area of contact between articular surfaces.

Question 24

What is dislocation?

Answer 24

Tear of ligament coupled with complete loss of contact between articular surfaces.

Question 25

What is the Temperomandibular joint?

Answer 25

The synovial articulation between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly, and the head of the condylar process and the mandible inferiorly.

Mandible->temporal bone