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Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bone

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3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

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4
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast - form bone; osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast - remodel bone

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5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type I

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9
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions

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10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

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12
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

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13
Q

What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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14
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

mesenchyme or cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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17
Q

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal,
most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

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18
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

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19
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible

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20
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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21
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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22
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

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23
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

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24
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

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25
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

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26
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

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27
Q

What bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

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28
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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29
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

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30
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

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31
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

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32
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

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33
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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34
Q

What is the name give to the type of variation that is unique to an individual?

A

idiosyncratic variation

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35
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

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36
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?

A

heterotopic and accessory bone

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37
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

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38
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

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39
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

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40
Q

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

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41
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula

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42
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

they are essentially cuboidal

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43
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

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44
Q

What are flat bones?

A

a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

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45
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

the parietal bone and sternum

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46
Q

What is the name given to the spongy bone of the skull?

47
Q

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

A

numerous projections or irregular outlines

48
Q

What are examples of irregular bone?

A

the vertebrae and innominate bone

49
Q

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

A

air spaces with the bone

50
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal

51
Q

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid

52
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

the bone develops within a tendon

53
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform

54
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

55
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

56
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets

57
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

During and after puberty

58
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

linear, rounded and sharp

59
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

the line, ridge and crest

60
Q

What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation?

A

transverse lines of sternum

61
Q

What is an example of an osseous ridge elevation?

A

sacral transverse ridges

62
Q

What are examples of osseous crest elevations?

A

Median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crest and lateral sacral crest

63
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus

64
Q

What is the definition of an osseous tubercle?

A

a small raised elevation from the surface of bone, usually associated with the attachment of a ligament or tendon

65
Q

What are examples of an osseous tubercle?

A

spinous tubercle, transverse tubercle and the superior, inferior and lateral tubercles of T12

66
Q

What is the definition of an osseous protuberance?

A

rounded elevation from the surface of bone with a larger base that appears as a swelling or knob

67
Q

What are examples of osseous protuberances?

A

mental protuberance of the mandible, external occipital protuberance of occiput

68
Q

What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?

A

a large, blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height

69
Q

What is an example of an osseous trochanter?

A

the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur

70
Q

what is the definition of an osseous tuber or tuberosity?

A

a large projection with a significant base and a variable height on the surface of bone

71
Q

What are examples of osseous tubers or tuberosities?

A

the frontal tuber of the frontal bone, tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle on rib 2, the sacral tuberosity of S2, and the ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone

72
Q

What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?

A

a hammerhead-like elevation on the surface of bone

73
Q

What are examples of an osseous malleolus?

A

the medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula

74
Q

what are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

75
Q

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called “spine”?

A

a thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone

76
Q

What is the definition of an osseous process?

A

a relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length

77
Q

What are examples of an osseous process?

A

the mastoid process of the occipital bone, styloid process of the temporal bone, spinous process, transverse process, articular process of vertebrae and xiphoid process of the sternum

78
Q

what are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

79
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

80
Q

What is the definition of an osseous surface notch or incisure?

A

a short indentation of variable depth on the surface of bone

81
Q

What are examples of an osseous surface notch or incisure?

A

the superior vertebral notch (superior vertebral incisure) and inferior vertebral notch (inferior vertebral incisure) of the pedicle

82
Q

What is the definition of an osseous groove?

A

a long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone

83
Q

What are examples of an osseous groove?

A

the groove for the superior petrosal sinus, groove for the greater petrosal nerve and mastoid groove of the temporal bone

84
Q

What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?

A

a wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone

85
Q

What is an example of an osseous sulcus?

A

the sulcus for the vertebral artery on C1

86
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

the fovea and fossa

87
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fovea?

A

a shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

88
Q

What are examples of an osseous fovea?

A

the fovea dentis of C2 and the pterygoid fovea of the mandible

89
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fossa?

A

a deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

90
Q

What are examples of an osseous fossa?

A

the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone and the mandibular fossa or glenoid fossa of the mandible

91
Q

What are the names given to opening on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

92
Q

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

A

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

93
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

94
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

foramen or canal

95
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

96
Q

What are examples of osseous foramina?

A

the basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae, the foramen oval of the sphenoid, and the jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital bones

97
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

98
Q

What are examples of an osseous canal?

A

the pterygoid canal or vidian canal of the sphenoid, the carotid canal of the temporal and the infraorbital canal of the maxilla

99
Q

What is the name given to an osmium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

100
Q

What is the definition of an osseous meatus?

A

a blind-ended passageway which does not completely penetrate through a bone

101
Q

What are examples of an osseous meatus?

A

internal acoustic meatus and external acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

102
Q

What are examples of an osseous hiatus?

A

the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve of the temporal bone and the sacral hiatus of sacrum

103
Q

What is an additional example of an opening in bone?

104
Q

what is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

105
Q

what are examples of an osseous fissure?

A

the superior orbital fissure primarily of the sphenoid bone and the inferior orbital fissure of the palatine, zygomatic, sphenoid and maxillary bones

106
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

107
Q

what is the definition of a flat osseous facet?

A

a relatively planar or slightly curvilinear surface on bone for osseous articulation

108
Q

What are examples of a flat osseous facet?

A

the articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

109
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

110
Q

What is the definition of an osseous facet named the “head”?

A

a bulbous rounded extremity of bone which directly articulates with another surface

111
Q

What are examples of an osseous articular facet?

A

the head of the femur

112
Q

What is the definition of an osseous condyle?

A

a knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation

113
Q

What are examples of an osseous condyle?

A

occipital condyle of the occipital bone, mandibular condyle of the mandible and the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

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