Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spinal > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast - form bone; osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast - remodel bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three responses of bone which allow it to be described as “living”?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is bone the embryological derivative of?

A

mesenchyme or cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal,
most of the mandible and clavicle, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones & the greater wing of the sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the frontal, parietal, squama of the temporal and occipital bones & greater wing of the sphenoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla & part of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which bones of the splanchnocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the inferior nasal concha and part of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which bones of the neurocranium are derived from cartilage?

A

the ethmoid, and parts of the sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecullar bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

gender variation (sexual dimorphism), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the name give to the type of variation that is unique to an individual?

A

idiosyncratic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?

A

heterotopic and accessory bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia and fibula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

they are essentially cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are flat bones?

A

a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

the parietal bone and sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the name given to the spongy bone of the skull?

A

diploe

47
Q

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

A

numerous projections or irregular outlines

48
Q

What are examples of irregular bone?

A

the vertebrae and innominate bone

49
Q

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

A

air spaces with the bone

50
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal

51
Q

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid

52
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

the bone develops within a tendon

53
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform

54
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

55
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

56
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets

57
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

During and after puberty

58
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

linear, rounded and sharp

59
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

the line, ridge and crest

60
Q

What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevation?

A

transverse lines of sternum

61
Q

What is an example of an osseous ridge elevation?

A

sacral transverse ridges

62
Q

What are examples of osseous crest elevations?

A

Median sacral crest, intermediate sacral crest and lateral sacral crest

63
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus

64
Q

What is the definition of an osseous tubercle?

A

a small raised elevation from the surface of bone, usually associated with the attachment of a ligament or tendon

65
Q

What are examples of an osseous tubercle?

A

spinous tubercle, transverse tubercle and the superior, inferior and lateral tubercles of T12

66
Q

What is the definition of an osseous protuberance?

A

rounded elevation from the surface of bone with a larger base that appears as a swelling or knob

67
Q

What are examples of osseous protuberances?

A

mental protuberance of the mandible, external occipital protuberance of occiput

68
Q

What is the definition of an osseous trochanter?

A

a large, blunt projection from the surface of bone with a significant base and height

69
Q

What is an example of an osseous trochanter?

A

the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur

70
Q

what is the definition of an osseous tuber or tuberosity?

A

a large projection with a significant base and a variable height on the surface of bone

71
Q

What are examples of osseous tubers or tuberosities?

A

the frontal tuber of the frontal bone, tuberosity for the serratus anterior muscle on rib 2, the sacral tuberosity of S2, and the ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone

72
Q

What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?

A

a hammerhead-like elevation on the surface of bone

73
Q

What are examples of an osseous malleolus?

A

the medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula

74
Q

what are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

75
Q

What is the definition of the osseous elevation called “spine”?

A

a thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone

76
Q

What is the definition of an osseous process?

A

a relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length

77
Q

What are examples of an osseous process?

A

the mastoid process of the occipital bone, styloid process of the temporal bone, spinous process, transverse process, articular process of vertebrae and xiphoid process of the sternum

78
Q

what are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

79
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

80
Q

What is the definition of an osseous surface notch or incisure?

A

a short indentation of variable depth on the surface of bone

81
Q

What are examples of an osseous surface notch or incisure?

A

the superior vertebral notch (superior vertebral incisure) and inferior vertebral notch (inferior vertebral incisure) of the pedicle

82
Q

What is the definition of an osseous groove?

A

a long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone

83
Q

What are examples of an osseous groove?

A

the groove for the superior petrosal sinus, groove for the greater petrosal nerve and mastoid groove of the temporal bone

84
Q

What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?

A

a wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone

85
Q

What is an example of an osseous sulcus?

A

the sulcus for the vertebral artery on C1

86
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

the fovea and fossa

87
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fovea?

A

a shallow depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

88
Q

What are examples of an osseous fovea?

A

the fovea dentis of C2 and the pterygoid fovea of the mandible

89
Q

What is the definition of an osseous fossa?

A

a deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone

90
Q

What are examples of an osseous fossa?

A

the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone and the mandibular fossa or glenoid fossa of the mandible

91
Q

What are the names given to opening on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

92
Q

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

A

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

93
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

94
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

foramen or canal

95
Q

What is the definition of an osseous foramen?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone

96
Q

What are examples of osseous foramina?

A

the basivertebral venous foramen of vertebrae, the foramen oval of the sphenoid, and the jugular foramen of the temporal and occipital bones

97
Q

What is the definition of an osseous canal?

A

an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone

98
Q

What are examples of an osseous canal?

A

the pterygoid canal or vidian canal of the sphenoid, the carotid canal of the temporal and the infraorbital canal of the maxilla

99
Q

What is the name given to an osmium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

meatus

100
Q

What is the definition of an osseous meatus?

A

a blind-ended passageway which does not completely penetrate through a bone

101
Q

What are examples of an osseous meatus?

A

internal acoustic meatus and external acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

102
Q

What are examples of an osseous hiatus?

A

the hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve of the temporal bone and the sacral hiatus of sacrum

103
Q

What is an additional example of an opening in bone?

A

fissure

104
Q

what is the definition of an osseous fissure?

A

an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones

105
Q

what are examples of an osseous fissure?

A

the superior orbital fissure primarily of the sphenoid bone and the inferior orbital fissure of the palatine, zygomatic, sphenoid and maxillary bones

106
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

107
Q

what is the definition of a flat osseous facet?

A

a relatively planar or slightly curvilinear surface on bone for osseous articulation

108
Q

What are examples of a flat osseous facet?

A

the articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column

109
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

110
Q

What is the definition of an osseous facet named the “head”?

A

a bulbous rounded extremity of bone which directly articulates with another surface

111
Q

What are examples of an osseous articular facet?

A

the head of the femur

112
Q

What is the definition of an osseous condyle?

A

a knuckle-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation

113
Q

What are examples of an osseous condyle?

A

occipital condyle of the occipital bone, mandibular condyle of the mandible and the medial and lateral condyles of the femur

Spinal (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions