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OSSF > OSSF-Organelles and Mvt of Materials through the Cell > Flashcards

OSSF-Organelles and Mvt of Materials through the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Organelles are …

A

metabolically active

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2
Q

which organelles have a double membrane?

A

-NUCLEUS
-MITOCHONDRIA

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3
Q

which organelles have a single membrane?

A

-RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum)
-SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
-TRANSPORT VEHICLES
-LYSOSOMES
-ENDOSOMES
-PEROXISOME
-GOLGI APPARATUS

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4
Q

What is the function of the NUCLEUS?

A

-CONTROL CENTER of the cell

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5
Q

what does the double membrane allow the nucleus to do ?

A
  • SPATIAL separation of TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION (controls expressions of genes)
    -BIDIRECTIONAL movement of MOLECULES through NUCLEAR PORES
    -passive diffusion of small water- soluble molecules
    -IMPORTS: HISTONES, DNA & RNA polymerases, regulatory proteins, RNA processing proteins (all made in cytoplasm)
    -EXPORTS: tRNA, mRNA, ribosome subunits
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6
Q

What is the nucleolus, and what does it contain?

A
  • responsible for SYNTHESIS of RIBOSOMES
  • contains rRNA, tRNA, DNA responsible for making rRNA & tRNA

**ribosomes are then EXPORTED from nucleus to the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes? and how does it do this?

A

-they are the cellular MACHINERY that are responsible for the MAKING OF PROTEINS (protein synthesis)

-TRNA attaches to MRNA to produce protein (AMINO ACID CHAIN)

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8
Q

where do the PROTEINS that ribosomes MAKE go?

A

-when made by FREE ribosomes: proteins REMAIN in the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitchondria, or peroxisomes ->carry out oxidative reactions using molecular oxygen

-ER-BOUND ribosomes- proteins end up in OTHER organelle (GOLGI APPARATUS), then go to secretory vesicles (either secreted from cell OR to cell Membrane) OR go to the lysosomes

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9
Q

What is the ROUGH ER’s task?

A

-important SITE of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- the rough spots are DOCKED RIBOSOMES
-

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10
Q

how do ribosomes become free after being docked to ER?

A

they help create protein and then receive MESSAGE from mRNA to where to go next

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11
Q

What types of proteins are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum ? (RER)

A

-WATER SOLUBLE PROTEINS
injected into lumen by ribosome (they are then modified and folded, and shipped out into other parts)
-TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEINS
become embedded in rER Membrane(destined for plasma membrane OR membrane of end-membrane organelle)

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12
Q

what is the Golgi apparatus’ function?

A
  • in chaRge of POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION, SORTING, AND PACKAGING
    -modifies proteins as they move through the saccules becoming glycosylated, phosphorylated, sulfated, etc.
    -THEN PROTEINS ARE PACKAGED AND SHIPPED ON A VESICLE (some becomes lysosomes)
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13
Q

what is the function of the SMOOTH endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-produces and stores carbohydrates
-stores calcium for muscle contraction
-detoxification of drugs (p450 enzymes)
-synthesises steroid hormones, fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins
-FORMS AND RECYCLES membranes
(prominent in LIVER, MUSCLE, AND HORMONE producing cells)

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14
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

-they are the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of the cell
-membrane bound vesicles that hold enzymes that break down various parts of the cell (THAT ARE THEN RECYCLED) and WORK BEST IN ACIDIC ENVIRONMENTS

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15
Q

what is the function of the Mitochondria?

A

-POWER HOUSE of the cell (production of ATP)
-can make proteins if they want to
-initiate APOPTOSIS
-make cells look VERY pink
-cigar shape
-DOUBLE MEMBRANE 4 compartments

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16
Q
A

Golgi appears as pale area in stain

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17
Q

which organelles can be seen with a light microscope?

A

-nucleus
-nucleolus
-cytoplasm
-Golgi apparatus

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18
Q

most cell organelles require ______ to be observed

A

electron microscopy

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19
Q

what organelles influence the color of the cytoplasm, and what color do these make it?

A
  • BLUE (basophilic): NUCLEUS AND THE RIBOSOMES
    -PINK (acidophilic): SMOOTH ER AND THE MITOCHONDRIA
20
Q

which organelles are not membrane bound?

A

-NUCLEOLUS
-MICROTUBULES
-CENTRIOLE
-filaments
-RIBOSOMES

21
Q

which cells are multinucleated?

A

-OSTEOCLASTS
-SKELETAL MUSCLES
-INFLAMATORY MACROPHAGES

22
Q

When is the chromatin least uniformly packed?? (more euchromatin)

A

-during INTERPHASE

23
Q

what is heterochromatin and euchromatin? what are their functions?

A
  • HETEROCHROMATIN is the most hIGHLY CONDENSED chromatin in which genes CANNOT be EXPRESED (used to silence genes, some DNA is permanently in heterochromatin)
    -EUCHROMATIN is UNCOILED CHROMATIN with ACTIVE DNA (most cell types express 20%-30% of their genes)
24
Q

metabolically active cells tend to have more ______ than quiescent cells

A

euchromatin

25
Q

what are the chromatin descriptive terms?

A
  • open/ loose (more euchromatin/ a lot present->active cell)
    -coarse/ dense (more heterochromatin present ->inactive)
26
Q

during ____ chromatin is looped and most condensed into a chromosome

A

mitosis

27
Q

during ___ , chromatin is not only condensed but it is FREE and NOT contained within a NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

A

mitosis

28
Q

the nucleolus IS BIGGER (and there is MORE EUCHROMATIN) in cells that are actively synthesizing proteins or ribosomes

A
29
Q

what cell mechanisms do cells die by?

A

-NECROSIS (cell murder)
-pathologic (large amount of cells that swell up)
-cells swells up (and its organelles) and the membrane dissolves causing cells to BURST and triggers an INFLAMATORY REACTION (eaten through enzymatic digestion)

-APOPTOSIS (cell suicide)
-normal physiologic death of cells that moves them from wherever they are(ex. gill that just go away)
-small numbers of cells that are being affected
-cells SHRINK, cytoskeleton collapses, and cell separates into apoptosis bodies that are eaten by macrophages

30
Q

cells that are making many proteins will have many ribosomes and will therefore appear ____ on stains

A
31
Q

PROTEINS function properly only in their___, which is facilitated by ___, and help prevent ____

A

-FOLDED STATE
-CHAPERONE proteins (heat promoted- when there is more heat the attempt to refold denatured proteins)
-PROTEIN AGGREGATION

32
Q

Proteins that fail to fold properly are ___ and then destroyed by a ___

A

-UBIQUINATED (tagged for disposal by ubiquitin) a proteasome

33
Q

a lot of basophilia is present with H&E STAIN IF MANY RIBOSOMES are present in the RER

A
34
Q

______ in the ER help proteins properly fold and improperly folded proteins are ____ from the ER and degraded by ___ in the ___

A

-CHAPERONE PROTEINS
-EXPORTED
-PROTEASOME
-CYTOPLASM

35
Q

What are the final destinations that the Golgi apparatus send the vesicles (with proteins to)?

A

MEMBRANE (remain in membrane) or LUMEN (remain in lumen or pass to extracellular space) of the final vesicle and they may become fused with:
-LYSOSOMES
-FUSE WITH MEMBRANE (will remain in the plasma membrane of the cell)
-CYTOPLASM (then they will be exported outside of the cell)

36
Q

glycoproteins in the RER transition from _____ to _____ in the Golgi apparatus with an outer membrane that has ___

A

-HOMOGENOUS OLIGOSACCHARIDES
-HETEROGENOUS OLIGOSACCHARIDES
-GLYCOCALYX (protective sugar layer)

37
Q

Golgi apparatus in staining

A
38
Q

what is the purpose of VESICULAR transport?

A
  • transport proteins from location to location in the cell
  • facilitated by SNARE proteins (SNARE on VESICLE and SNARE on TARGET attach to HOLD VESICLE IN PLACE)
    -SNARE catalyzes (SPEEDS up) cell fusion with target
39
Q

CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM neutortomxin causes botulism by acting on key SNARE proteins

A
40
Q

What is EXOCYTOSIS? what is ENDOCYTOSIS?

A

-Exocytosis (OUTWARD SECRETORY PATHWAY)–> delivers proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids to plasma membrane or extracellular space
-Endocytosis: (INWARD SECRETORY PATHWAY)–>
- used to bring PLASMA MEMBRANE COMPONENTS to ENDOSOMES,
-bring COMPONENTS to LYSOSOMES for DEGRADATION
-used to import NUTRIENTS or INGEST DEBRIS

41
Q

EXOCYTOSIS is the FUSION of VESICLE’S membranes with the CELL’S MEMBRANE

A
42
Q

what are the TYPES of EXOCYTOSIS?

A
  • CONSTITUTIVE SECRETION: unregulated membrane fusion
    -REGULATED SECRETION: (MOST COMMON): regulated membrane fusion triggered by LIGAND
43
Q

what are the TYPES of ENDOCYTOSIS:

A

-PHAGOCYTOSIS: ingestion of LARGER particles into PHAGOSOMES
-PINOCYTOSIS: nonspecific ingestion of small proteins into the ENDOSOMES
-RECEPTOR MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS: entry of SPECIFIC molecules into the endosomes

** materials are broken down by LYSOSOMES

44
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS (bacteria, yeast)

A

-phagosomes FUSE WITH A LYSOSOME (and BREAK down components brought into cell)

45
Q
A

OSSF (9 decks)

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