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Introduction to skeletal system/ Muscular system Exam 2 > Osseous Tissue: Introduction to skeletal system > Flashcards

Osseous Tissue: Introduction to skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

The skeletal system is primarily made of……

A

Bones, cartilage, and dense CT that forms ligaments connecting bones and membranes covering bones (periosteum) and cartilage (perichondrium)

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2
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Mneunomic device:
Se Me Pasa Mirar a Hugo.

A 
Support
Movement 
Protection
Mineral storage 
Hematopoiesis (Blood cell production)
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3
Q

What type of function of the skeletal system is this?

_____ - Framework for soft tissues

A

Support

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4
Q

What type of function of the skeletal system is this?

_____- attachment for skeletal muscles

A

Movement

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5
Q

What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
____- cranium protects brain, ribs, and sternum protect the
lungs and heart

A

protection

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6
Q

What type of function of the skeletal system is this?

____- calcium can be mobilized from the bone to maintain blood {Ca}

A

Mineral Storage

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7
Q

What type of function of the skeletal system is this?

______- red bone marrow contains stem cells that produce that cells of blood

A

Hematopoiesis ( Blood Cell production)

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8
Q

What consists of 80 bones that make up our central axis along the midline?

  • Skull (29 bones)
  • Vertebrae ( 26 bones)
  • Thoracic cage ( 24 Ribs and the 1 sternum)
A

Axial Skeleton

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9
Q

What consists of 126 bones that make up the limbs and girdles that attach the limbs to axial skeleton (pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle)?

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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10
Q

What are the two classifications by location of the skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton

and Appendicular skeleton

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11
Q

What are 5 types of classification by shape?

A 
Long bones 
Short bones 
Flat Bones 
Sesamoid 
irregular bones
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12
Q

What is the type of classification by shape is this?

_____- have expanded ends called “ Epiphysis” & a central shaft called the “Diaphysis”

A

Long bones

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13
Q

What are some examples of long bones found in the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Humerus
radius
Ulna
Metacarpals
phalanges 
Femur
Fibula
Tibia 
Metatarsal
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14
Q

What are some examples of long bones found in the

“ Upper Extremity” of the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Humerus
radius
Ulna
Metacarpals
phalanges
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15
Q

What are some examples of long bones found in the

“ Lower Extremity” of the appendicular skeleton?

A 
Femur
Fibula
Tibia 
Metatarsal
phalanges
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16
Q

What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Box shaped
*Carpals(wrist bones), Tarsals ( Ankle bones)

A

Short bones

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17
Q

What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Broad surface
* Scapula, Clavicle Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, RIbs, Sternum, Nasal, Lacrimal, Vomer, Coxal

A

Flat bones

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18
Q

What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Bones imbedded within tendons.
* Patella is largest example, most are small bones in palmar and plantar regions.

A

Sesamoid

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19
Q

What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Complex shape not long, short, or flat
* Vertebrae, temporal, incus malleus, stapes, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxillae, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, hyoid.

A

Irregular bones

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20
Q

What are the matrix of osseous tissue?

A

Osteoid

Hydroxyapetite

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21
Q

What type of matrix of osseous tissue is this?
_____- mostly collagen fibers
*provides flexibility and tensile strenght to resist stretching

A

Osteoid

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22
Q

What type of matrix of osseous tissue is this?
_____-Calcium phosphate hydroxide salts: Ca5(PO4)3 (OH0
* Gives bone its hardness and ability to resist compression

A

Hydroxyapetite

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23
Q

What are the cells of Osseous Tissue?

A

Osteogenic
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast

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24
Q

What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?

______- Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

A

Osteogenic

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25
Q

What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?

_______- Bone- forming cells, found on inner and outer surfaces

A

Osteoblast

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26
Q

What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?

______- Mature bone cells, found in lacunae connected by canaliculi

A

Osteocytes

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27
Q

What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?

_______- Bone- destroying cells, break down matrix to release minerals. “ type of Luekocyte”

A

Osteoclast

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28
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Superficial layer of bone. 
Structure: Dense outer layer of a bone, appears smooth and solid, consists of repeating structural and functional units called " Osteon"  that consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a " Central Canal" that runs parallel to the axis of a long bone, is lined with endosteum, and contains blood vessels and nerves. 
*Lamellae
-Concentric lamellae
-Interstitial lamellae 
-Circumferetial lamellae
-Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
A

Compact ( cortical) Bone

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29
Q

Structural of compact bone;
Dense outer layer of a bone, appears smooth and solid, consists of repeating structural and functional units called “ ______” that consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a “ ______” that runs parallel to the axis of a long bone, is lined with endosteum, and contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Osteon

Central canal

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30
Q

Structural of compact bone;

______ -plates of osseous tissue

A

Lamellae

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31
Q

Structural of compact bone;

_______- surrounds the central canal forming osteons

A

Concentric lamellae

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32
Q

Structural of compact bone;

______- wedged between osteons.

A

Interstitial lamellae

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33
Q

Structural of compact bone;

_____- surrounding the outer and inner edges of compact bone.

A

Circumferential Lamellae

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34
Q

Structural of compact bone;
_______- runs perpendicular to axis of a long bone connecting centra; canals to the periosteum and medullary cavity. Lined with endostuem, contains nerves and bloods vessels.

A

Perforating (Volkmanns’s) canal

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35
Q

______ - Deep layer of bone , surrounds medullary cavity in the diaphysis of long bones, fills the epiphysis of long bones.
*Structure: Mesh of small branching plates called “Trabecules” with many open spaces ( trabecular cavities)

A

Spongy ( Trabecular) Bone

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36
Q

Long Bone
______- Expanded end
*Composed mostly of spongy bone
*Contains red marrow

A

Epiphysis end

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37
Q

Long bone
______- Tube shape central shaft. “The body”
*Contains a thick outer layer of compact bone.

A

Diaphysis

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38
Q

long bone
_____ - Disc of hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis junction
*Allows bone to grow in length
*Ossifies at the end of puberty forming compact bone the Epiphyseal line.

A

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

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39
Q

Long Bone

Ossifies at the end of puberty forming compact bone the _________.

A

Epiphyseal line

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40
Q

Long Bone
_______-
* Covering the external surface of the epiphyses
*Structure is similar to hyaline cartilage
* Decreases friction at joint surface.

A

Articular Cartilage

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41
Q

Long Bone
_______- deep within the diaphysis
* Contains: Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

A

Medullary cavity

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42
Q

Part of the medullary cavity

_______- For blood cell formation (more in infants than adults)

A

Red bone marrow

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43
Q

Part of the medullary cavity

_____- mostly fat

A

Yellow bone Marrow

44
Q

What are the two Bone Membranes?

A

Periosteum and Endosteum

45
Q

______- Outside membrane covering the diaphysis, Richly supplied with blood vessels, contains an outer layer of fibrous CT and an inner cellular layer of osteogenic cells.

A

Periosteum

46
Q

_____- Membrane lining the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of spongy bone, and canals of compact bone, contains osteogenic cells and osteoclasts.

A

Endosteum

47
Q

_____- The formation bone of another tissue.

A

Ossification

48
Q

______-bone develops within a fibrous membrane (eg dermis) Examples- parietal, frontal, part of the occipital, part of the mandible, part of the clavicles, patella

A

Intramembranous ossification

49
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
1 st step is called ____________:
this is when the ossification center appearss and osteoblasts start to produce the osteoid of bone matrix

A

Differentiation of osteoblast within mesenchyme

50
Q

Intramembranous ossification:
2nd step is called _________________:
This is when the ossification center appears and osteoblasts start to produce the osteoid of the bone matrix.

A

formation of blood vessels

51
Q

Intramembranous ossification
3rd step is called ___________:
Spicules merge into trabeculae

A

entrapment of blood vessels

52
Q

Intramembranous ossification
4th step is called _____________:
Trabeculae merge in to a plate of spongy bone, the surrounding fibrous CT becomes periosteum and a compact bone collar form deep to periosteum.

A

Naturalization (trabeculae cavities)

53
Q

________- Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. EX; all other bones includes all the long bones, short bones, most irregular, some flat bones (ribs, sternum, scapula, coxal).

A

Endochondrial Ossification

54
Q

Endochondrial Ossification:
1 st step is ________: the osteoprogenitor cells from withing the perichodrium and begin producing osteoblasts cells surrounding the cartilage model.

A

Formation of periosteum and a bone collar

55
Q

Endochondrial Ossification
2 nd step is ____________:
Chondrocytes deteriorate leaving a cavity and blood vessels grow deep as a periosteal bud that carries in osteoblasts that produce spongy bone within the center of the cartilage model.

A

Formation of primary ossification center

56
Q

Endochondrial Ossification:
3rd step is ____________ :
Osteoclasts breakdown bone in the center of the primary ossification center producing a cavity and blood vessels carry osteoblasts deep into the ends of the cartilage model producing secondary ossification centers.

A

Formation of medullary cavity & secondary ossification

57
Q

Endochondrial Ossification:
4th step is _______:
At the birth cartilage remains only at the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage. “ Interstitial growth” proceeds to increase the length of the diaphysis as chondrocytes divide at the epiphyseal growth plate and osteoblast expand the diaphysis. “ Apositional Growth proceeds to increase the diameter as osteoclasts expand the medullary cavity and osteoblasts produce compact bone under the periosteum.

A

Growth

58
Q

_________” proceeds to increase the length of the diaphysis as chondrocytes divide at the epiphyseal growth plate and osteoblast expand the diaphysis.

A

Interstitial growth

59
Q

_________ proceeds to increase the diameter as osteoclasts expand the medullary cavity and osteoblasts produce compact bone under the periosteum.

A

Apositional Growth

60
Q

Endochondrial Ossification:
5th step is _________:
At the end of puberty the rate of chondrocyte division slows as osteoblast activity accelerates until the cartilage of the growth plate is entirely ossified producing the epiphyseal line,

A

Epiphyseal Cloure

61
Q

_______- increase in lenght of a long bone.

  1. Chondrocytes on epiphyseal side divide(zone of proliferation)
  2. Older chondrocytes closer to the diaphysis calcify and die
  3. Osteoclasts breakdown calcidfied matrix
  4. Osteoblasts deposit new bone from the diaphysis side (zone of ossification)
    - Closure of the epiphyseal plate.
A

Interstitial growth ( Longitudinal bone growth)

62
Q

Interstitial growth:

  1. at maturity chondrocyte division slows and osteoblasts catch up.
  2. The epiphyseal plate completely ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.
A

Closure of the epiphyseal plate

63
Q

_________- growth in thickness (width)

  1. osteoblasts deposit bone to the outer surface below the periosteum
  2. Ostreoclasts remove bone from the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity
    - Hormonal control of bone growth
A

Appositonal growth

64
Q

Appositonal growth :
______________:
Growth hormone- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity during childhood
-Hypersecretion=gigantism
-*Hyposecretion+ Pituitary dwarfism

A

Hormonal control of bone growth

65
Q

_______ secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A

Growth hormone-

66
Q
  • Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity during childhood
  • *_________=gigantism
  • *_________=Pituitary dwarfism
A

Hypersecretion and

Hyposecretion

67
Q

_______- occurs throught one’s life involves both new bone formation (osteoblast activity) and bone reabsorption (osteoclast activity)

A

Bone remodeling

68
Q

Bone ______ occurs for the following reasons:

  • Maintain proper proportions
  • repair injured bone or increase bone strength
  • Mechanical stress: bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed.
  • Maintain blood calcium homeostasis.
  • Hormonal Control
A

remodeling

69
Q

_________- bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed.

A

Mechanical stress

70
Q

_____- parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from the parathyroid glands when blood calcium is too ____. PTH activities _____ to breakdown bone matrix releasing calcium.

A

Hormonal control
low
osteoclast

71
Q

_______a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation as the body ages.

  • reabsorption (osteoclast actiity) outpaces deposit of bone (osteoblast activity)
  • results in porous bones that are light and fragile
  • Both men and women are at risk, but incidence is higher in postmenopausal women.
A

Osteoporosis

72
Q

_____- A fracture in which the skin remains intact

A

Closed (simple) fracture

73
Q

_____- A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin: carries a high risk of infection.

A

Open (compound ) fracture

74
Q

_______- A type of fracture that occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

A

Transverse fracture

75
Q

_____- A type of fracture rhat occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees

A

Oblique fracture

76
Q

______- A type of fracture where bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.
-Twisting an arm and using compression

A

Spiral fracture

77
Q

_____- A type of fracture where several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
- a fall and compression

A

Comminuted fracture

78
Q

______- A type of fracture where one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
- Someone falling

A

Impacted fracture

79
Q

_______- A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
- (incomplete fracture)

A

Greenstick fracture

80
Q

Stages in ______::
Step 1: Formation of fracture hematoma (blood clot)
Step 2:Formation of internal and external calli form.
Step 3. Ossification of external callus
Step 4; Remodeling

A

fracture repair

81
Q

Stages in fracture repair

________- Plates and clothing factors from blood clots to maintain homeostasis

A

Step 1: Formation of fracture hematoma

82
Q

Stages in fracture repair:
______- Osteogenic cells of the bone membranes produce osteoblasts that create spongy bone and chondroblasts that create hyaline cartilage stabilizing the fragments.

A

Step 2:Formation of internal and external calli form.

83
Q

Stages in fracture repair:

_______- Osteoblasts replace cartilage with spongy bone

A

Step 3. Ossification of cartilage

84
Q

Stages in fracture repair:
_______- Osteoclasts remove damaged bone matrix and osteoblasts produce new bone to restore overall shape and replace spongy bone with compact bone around the superficial edges,
-More dense bone at the end.

A

Remodeling

85
Q

What are he two types of bone features?

A

Projections or elevations;

Depression or openings

86
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Bump or projection of the bone (eg. zygomatic process of temporal)

A

Process

87
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______-A large rough projection (eg. greater trochanter of femur)

A

Trochancter

88
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______-small rounded projection (eg Greater & lesser Tubercle of humerus)

A

Tubercle

89
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- prominent ridge (eg. Iliac crest)

A

Crest

90
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Sharp, slender or pointed process (eg. Anterior superior iliac spine)

A

Spine

91
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Prominent rounded articular surface (eg. head of humerus or femur)

A

Head

92
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Smooth, rounded articular process.

A

Condyle

93
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Small, flat articular surface (eg. patellar facet of femur)

A

Facet

94
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Shallow depression ( eg. coronoid fossa on anterior surface of humerus)

A

Fossa

95
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- groove (eg. intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus)

A

Sulcus

96
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______-Tube shaped canal or passageway (eg. external acoustic meatus)

A

Meatus

97
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- slit like opening, crack (eg. superior orbital fissure)

A

Fissure

98
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- rounded opening for nerves/vessels (eg. supraorbital foremen)

A

Foreman

99
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Cavity within a bone (eg. frontal sinus)

A

Sinus

100
Q

What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Narrowing of the bone below the head (eg. neck of femur)

A

Neck

101
Q

What are some words used to for Projections or elevation?

A 
Process 
trochanter 
crest
spine
head
condyle 
facet
102
Q

What are some words used for Depression or openings ?

A 
Fossa 
sulcus
Meatus
Fissure
Foremen
Sinus
Neck
103
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

104
Q

What are the three categories that make up the axial skeleton? and how many bones are in each?

A

Skull (24 bones)
Vertebrae (26 bones)
Thoracic cage (24 and the sternum 1)

105
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

106
Q

How many bones in total?

A

206 bones

107
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

limbs and girdles that attach to the axial skeleton

Introduction to skeletal system/ Muscular system Exam 2 (6 decks)

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