Osseous Tissue: Introduction to skeletal system Flashcards
The skeletal system is primarily made of……
Bones, cartilage, and dense CT that forms ligaments connecting bones and membranes covering bones (periosteum) and cartilage (perichondrium)
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Mneunomic device:
Se Me Pasa Mirar a Hugo.
Support Movement Protection Mineral storage Hematopoiesis (Blood cell production)
What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
_____ - Framework for soft tissues
Support
What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
_____- attachment for skeletal muscles
Movement
What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
____- cranium protects brain, ribs, and sternum protect the
lungs and heart
protection
What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
____- calcium can be mobilized from the bone to maintain blood {Ca}
Mineral Storage
What type of function of the skeletal system is this?
______- red bone marrow contains stem cells that produce that cells of blood
Hematopoiesis ( Blood Cell production)
What consists of 80 bones that make up our central axis along the midline?
- Skull (29 bones)
- Vertebrae ( 26 bones)
- Thoracic cage ( 24 Ribs and the 1 sternum)
Axial Skeleton
What consists of 126 bones that make up the limbs and girdles that attach the limbs to axial skeleton (pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle)?
Appendicular Skeleton
What are the two classifications by location of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton
and Appendicular skeleton
What are 5 types of classification by shape?
Long bones Short bones Flat Bones Sesamoid irregular bones
What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- have expanded ends called “ Epiphysis” & a central shaft called the “Diaphysis”
Long bones
What are some examples of long bones found in the appendicular skeleton?
Humerus radius Ulna Metacarpals phalanges Femur Fibula Tibia Metatarsal
What are some examples of long bones found in the
“ Upper Extremity” of the appendicular skeleton?
Humerus radius Ulna Metacarpals phalanges
What are some examples of long bones found in the
“ Lower Extremity” of the appendicular skeleton?
Femur Fibula Tibia Metatarsal phalanges
What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Box shaped
*Carpals(wrist bones), Tarsals ( Ankle bones)
Short bones
What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Broad surface
* Scapula, Clavicle Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, RIbs, Sternum, Nasal, Lacrimal, Vomer, Coxal
Flat bones
What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Bones imbedded within tendons.
* Patella is largest example, most are small bones in palmar and plantar regions.
Sesamoid
What is the type of classification by shape is this?
_____- Complex shape not long, short, or flat
* Vertebrae, temporal, incus malleus, stapes, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxillae, mandible, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, hyoid.
Irregular bones
What are the matrix of osseous tissue?
Osteoid
Hydroxyapetite
What type of matrix of osseous tissue is this?
_____- mostly collagen fibers
*provides flexibility and tensile strenght to resist stretching
Osteoid
What type of matrix of osseous tissue is this?
_____-Calcium phosphate hydroxide salts: Ca5(PO4)3 (OH0
* Gives bone its hardness and ability to resist compression
Hydroxyapetite
What are the cells of Osseous Tissue?
Osteogenic
Osteoblast
Osteocytes
Osteoclast
What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?
______- Stem cells that produce osteoblasts
Osteogenic
What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?
_______- Bone- forming cells, found on inner and outer surfaces
Osteoblast
What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?
______- Mature bone cells, found in lacunae connected by canaliculi
Osteocytes
What type of cells of Osseous Tissue is this?
_______- Bone- destroying cells, break down matrix to release minerals. “ type of Luekocyte”
Osteoclast
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Superficial layer of bone. Structure: Dense outer layer of a bone, appears smooth and solid, consists of repeating structural and functional units called " Osteon" that consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a " Central Canal" that runs parallel to the axis of a long bone, is lined with endosteum, and contains blood vessels and nerves. *Lamellae -Concentric lamellae -Interstitial lamellae -Circumferetial lamellae -Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
Compact ( cortical) Bone
Structural of compact bone;
Dense outer layer of a bone, appears smooth and solid, consists of repeating structural and functional units called “ ______” that consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a “ ______” that runs parallel to the axis of a long bone, is lined with endosteum, and contains blood vessels and nerves
Osteon
Central canal
Structural of compact bone;
______ -plates of osseous tissue
Lamellae
Structural of compact bone;
_______- surrounds the central canal forming osteons
Concentric lamellae
Structural of compact bone;
______- wedged between osteons.
Interstitial lamellae
Structural of compact bone;
_____- surrounding the outer and inner edges of compact bone.
Circumferential Lamellae
Structural of compact bone;
_______- runs perpendicular to axis of a long bone connecting centra; canals to the periosteum and medullary cavity. Lined with endostuem, contains nerves and bloods vessels.
Perforating (Volkmanns’s) canal
______ - Deep layer of bone , surrounds medullary cavity in the diaphysis of long bones, fills the epiphysis of long bones.
*Structure: Mesh of small branching plates called “Trabecules” with many open spaces ( trabecular cavities)
Spongy ( Trabecular) Bone
Long Bone
______- Expanded end
*Composed mostly of spongy bone
*Contains red marrow
Epiphysis end
Long bone
______- Tube shape central shaft. “The body”
*Contains a thick outer layer of compact bone.
Diaphysis
long bone
_____ - Disc of hyaline cartilage at the epiphysis-diaphysis junction
*Allows bone to grow in length
*Ossifies at the end of puberty forming compact bone the Epiphyseal line.
Epiphyseal Growth Plate
Long Bone
Ossifies at the end of puberty forming compact bone the _________.
Epiphyseal line
Long Bone
_______-
* Covering the external surface of the epiphyses
*Structure is similar to hyaline cartilage
* Decreases friction at joint surface.
Articular Cartilage
Long Bone
_______- deep within the diaphysis
* Contains: Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
Medullary cavity
Part of the medullary cavity
_______- For blood cell formation (more in infants than adults)
Red bone marrow
Part of the medullary cavity
_____- mostly fat
Yellow bone Marrow
What are the two Bone Membranes?
Periosteum and Endosteum
______- Outside membrane covering the diaphysis, Richly supplied with blood vessels, contains an outer layer of fibrous CT and an inner cellular layer of osteogenic cells.
Periosteum
_____- Membrane lining the medullary cavity, the trabeculae of spongy bone, and canals of compact bone, contains osteogenic cells and osteoclasts.
Endosteum
_____- The formation bone of another tissue.
Ossification
______-bone develops within a fibrous membrane (eg dermis) Examples- parietal, frontal, part of the occipital, part of the mandible, part of the clavicles, patella
Intramembranous ossification
Intramembranous ossification:
1 st step is called ____________:
this is when the ossification center appearss and osteoblasts start to produce the osteoid of bone matrix
Differentiation of osteoblast within mesenchyme
Intramembranous ossification:
2nd step is called _________________:
This is when the ossification center appears and osteoblasts start to produce the osteoid of the bone matrix.
formation of blood vessels
Intramembranous ossification
3rd step is called ___________:
Spicules merge into trabeculae
entrapment of blood vessels
Intramembranous ossification
4th step is called _____________:
Trabeculae merge in to a plate of spongy bone, the surrounding fibrous CT becomes periosteum and a compact bone collar form deep to periosteum.
Naturalization (trabeculae cavities)
________- Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. EX; all other bones includes all the long bones, short bones, most irregular, some flat bones (ribs, sternum, scapula, coxal).
Endochondrial Ossification
Endochondrial Ossification:
1 st step is ________: the osteoprogenitor cells from withing the perichodrium and begin producing osteoblasts cells surrounding the cartilage model.
Formation of periosteum and a bone collar
Endochondrial Ossification
2 nd step is ____________:
Chondrocytes deteriorate leaving a cavity and blood vessels grow deep as a periosteal bud that carries in osteoblasts that produce spongy bone within the center of the cartilage model.
Formation of primary ossification center
Endochondrial Ossification:
3rd step is ____________ :
Osteoclasts breakdown bone in the center of the primary ossification center producing a cavity and blood vessels carry osteoblasts deep into the ends of the cartilage model producing secondary ossification centers.
Formation of medullary cavity & secondary ossification
Endochondrial Ossification:
4th step is _______:
At the birth cartilage remains only at the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage. “ Interstitial growth” proceeds to increase the length of the diaphysis as chondrocytes divide at the epiphyseal growth plate and osteoblast expand the diaphysis. “ Apositional Growth proceeds to increase the diameter as osteoclasts expand the medullary cavity and osteoblasts produce compact bone under the periosteum.
Growth
_________” proceeds to increase the length of the diaphysis as chondrocytes divide at the epiphyseal growth plate and osteoblast expand the diaphysis.
Interstitial growth
_________ proceeds to increase the diameter as osteoclasts expand the medullary cavity and osteoblasts produce compact bone under the periosteum.
Apositional Growth
Endochondrial Ossification:
5th step is _________:
At the end of puberty the rate of chondrocyte division slows as osteoblast activity accelerates until the cartilage of the growth plate is entirely ossified producing the epiphyseal line,
Epiphyseal Cloure
_______- increase in lenght of a long bone.
- Chondrocytes on epiphyseal side divide(zone of proliferation)
- Older chondrocytes closer to the diaphysis calcify and die
- Osteoclasts breakdown calcidfied matrix
- Osteoblasts deposit new bone from the diaphysis side (zone of ossification)
- Closure of the epiphyseal plate.
Interstitial growth ( Longitudinal bone growth)
Interstitial growth:
- at maturity chondrocyte division slows and osteoblasts catch up.
- The epiphyseal plate completely ossifies and becomes the epiphyseal line.
Closure of the epiphyseal plate
_________- growth in thickness (width)
- osteoblasts deposit bone to the outer surface below the periosteum
- Ostreoclasts remove bone from the inner surface, enlarging the medullary cavity
- Hormonal control of bone growth
Appositonal growth
Appositonal growth :
______________:
Growth hormone- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity during childhood
-Hypersecretion=gigantism
-*Hyposecretion+ Pituitary dwarfism
Hormonal control of bone growth
_______ secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone-
- Most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity during childhood
- *_________=gigantism
- *_________=Pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion and
Hyposecretion
_______- occurs throught one’s life involves both new bone formation (osteoblast activity) and bone reabsorption (osteoclast activity)
Bone remodeling
Bone ______ occurs for the following reasons:
- Maintain proper proportions
- repair injured bone or increase bone strength
- Mechanical stress: bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed.
- Maintain blood calcium homeostasis.
- Hormonal Control
remodeling
_________- bone adapts to the loads under which it is placed.
Mechanical stress
_____- parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released from the parathyroid glands when blood calcium is too ____. PTH activities _____ to breakdown bone matrix releasing calcium.
Hormonal control
low
osteoclast
_______a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass that occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation as the body ages.
- reabsorption (osteoclast actiity) outpaces deposit of bone (osteoblast activity)
- results in porous bones that are light and fragile
- Both men and women are at risk, but incidence is higher in postmenopausal women.
Osteoporosis
_____- A fracture in which the skin remains intact
Closed (simple) fracture
_____- A fracture in which at least one end of the broken bone tears through the skin: carries a high risk of infection.
Open (compound ) fracture
_______- A type of fracture that occurs straight across the long axis of the bone
Transverse fracture
_____- A type of fracture rhat occurs at an angle that is not 90 degrees
Oblique fracture
______- A type of fracture where bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion.
-Twisting an arm and using compression
Spiral fracture
_____- A type of fracture where several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments
- a fall and compression
Comminuted fracture
______- A type of fracture where one fragment is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression
- Someone falling
Impacted fracture
_______- A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken
- (incomplete fracture)
Greenstick fracture
Stages in ______::
Step 1: Formation of fracture hematoma (blood clot)
Step 2:Formation of internal and external calli form.
Step 3. Ossification of external callus
Step 4; Remodeling
fracture repair
Stages in fracture repair
________- Plates and clothing factors from blood clots to maintain homeostasis
Step 1: Formation of fracture hematoma
Stages in fracture repair:
______- Osteogenic cells of the bone membranes produce osteoblasts that create spongy bone and chondroblasts that create hyaline cartilage stabilizing the fragments.
Step 2:Formation of internal and external calli form.
Stages in fracture repair:
_______- Osteoblasts replace cartilage with spongy bone
Step 3. Ossification of cartilage
Stages in fracture repair:
_______- Osteoclasts remove damaged bone matrix and osteoblasts produce new bone to restore overall shape and replace spongy bone with compact bone around the superficial edges,
-More dense bone at the end.
Remodeling
What are he two types of bone features?
Projections or elevations;
Depression or openings
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Bump or projection of the bone (eg. zygomatic process of temporal)
Process
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______-A large rough projection (eg. greater trochanter of femur)
Trochancter
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______-small rounded projection (eg Greater & lesser Tubercle of humerus)
Tubercle
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- prominent ridge (eg. Iliac crest)
Crest
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Sharp, slender or pointed process (eg. Anterior superior iliac spine)
Spine
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Prominent rounded articular surface (eg. head of humerus or femur)
Head
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Smooth, rounded articular process.
Condyle
What type of bone feature is this?
Projection or elevations:
______- Small, flat articular surface (eg. patellar facet of femur)
Facet
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Shallow depression ( eg. coronoid fossa on anterior surface of humerus)
Fossa
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- groove (eg. intertubercular sulcus on the anterior surface of the humerus)
Sulcus
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______-Tube shaped canal or passageway (eg. external acoustic meatus)
Meatus
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- slit like opening, crack (eg. superior orbital fissure)
Fissure
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- rounded opening for nerves/vessels (eg. supraorbital foremen)
Foreman
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Cavity within a bone (eg. frontal sinus)
Sinus
What type of bone feature is this?
Depression or opening:
______- Narrowing of the bone below the head (eg. neck of femur)
Neck
What are some words used to for Projections or elevation?
Process trochanter crest spine head condyle facet
What are some words used for Depression or openings ?
Fossa sulcus Meatus Fissure Foremen Sinus Neck
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80 bones
What are the three categories that make up the axial skeleton? and how many bones are in each?
Skull (24 bones)
Vertebrae (26 bones)
Thoracic cage (24 and the sternum 1)
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
How many bones in total?
206 bones
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
limbs and girdles that attach to the axial skeleton
