Osmos second strike

Question 1

Birds and mammals have adapted to conserve water

Answer 1

Surface coverings to reduce water loss

Amniotic reproduction (membranes protect against desiccation, facilitate gas exchange, hold nitrogenous waste, in developing embryo)

Birds produce uric acid

Both birds and mammals can produce urine more concentrated than their body fluids.

Question 2

If an animal (like most reptiles) lacks a loop of henle, what happens to their urine?

Answer 2

the liquid urine they produce has about the same osmolarity as body fluids

Question 3

Bird and mammal kidneys have nephrons with a ______

Answer 3

loop of Henle

Question 4

In Vertebrates, what Maintains Salt and Water Balance as well as Excretes Nitrogenous and Other Waste?

Answer 4

the kidneys

Question 5

The kidneys

Answer 5

Dispose of metabolic waste and other unwanted compounds.

regulate volume and composition of body fluids.

Question 6

What do the kidneys rely on to function?

Answer 6

a system of tubes lined with transport epithelia.

Tubes are in close contact with the circulatory system

Question 7

Nephrons

Answer 7

The Main Structural And Functional Unit Of The Kidney.

Filter large volumes of blood (180L/day)

Question 8

Tubules

Answer 8

located in the nephrons found in the kidneys.

responsible for bulk reabsorption and regulated secretion,
and also drive the concentration of urine in the collecting ducts

Question 9

Urine formation in vertebrate nephrons

Answer 9

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Question 10

Reabsorption and secretion in the distal tubule is _________

Answer 10

Highly regulated

Question 11

Glomerular filtration in Bowman’s capsule is followed by______

Answer 11

extensive reabsorption in the tubule

Question 12

Peritubular capillaries work with the _____, and transport ______

Answer 12

glomerulus.

substances to and from the renal tubules.

Question 13

anatomy associated with The Vertebrate Nephron

Answer 13

The vertebrate nephron consists of a renal tubule closely associated with two capillary beds, the glomerulus and the peritubular capillaries.

Question 14

where are Glomeruli located?

Answer 14

in the cortex of the kidney

Question 15

where are the Proximal convoluted tubules located?

Answer 15

In the cortex of the kidney

Question 16

Where do the distal convoluted tubules join the collecting duct?

Answer 16

in the cortex of the kidney.

Question 17

What does Osmotic
loss of water
from renal tubule do?

Answer 17

concentrates the filtrate,

producing urine

Question 18

Loop of Henle descends and ascends entirely within __________

Answer 18

The Medulla of the kidney

Question 19

Where are the human kidneys located?

Answer 19

The human kidneys lie against the back wall of the abdominal cavity, in the region of the middle back

Question 20

The rate of filtration is high due to:

Answer 20

High capillary blood pressure.

High permeability of glomerular capillaries and their podocytes.

Question 21

glomerulus

Answer 21

a ball of capillaries

Question 22

Where is blood filtered?

Answer 22

In a glomerulus

Question 23

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 23

glomerular filtrate flows into the renal tubule, where it is modified by reabsorption of specific ions, nutrients, and water, and useful molecules (e.g. sugars, amino acids) recovered

Question 24

What filters through the

fenestration in glomerular epithelia and podocyte filtration slits?

Answer 24

Only ions and low molecular weight molecules

Question 25

The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

Answer 25

isosmotic reabsorption of water and solutes

PCT cells have microvilli, and an abundance of mitochondria.

They actively reabsorb Na+, glucose, and amino acids.

water follows the transport of solutes

Question 26

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 26

fine-tuning of ionic composition .

regulated water absorption

Question 27

what is the Concentration Of Urine Is Due To?

Answer 27

A Countercurrent Multiplier Mechanism In The Loops Of Henle

Question 28

Mechanism In The Loops Of Henle

Answer 28

Tubule fluid flows in opposite directions in the ascending and descending limbs.

The loops increase osmolarity of interstitial fluid in a graduated way.

Question 29

The Loop of Henle Generates and Maintains an ______

Answer 29

Osmotic Gradient

Question 30

Acending limb in The Loop of Henle

Answer 30

impermeable
to water but highly permeable to
Na+ and Cl–

Question 31

decending limb in The Loop of Henle

Answer 31

highly
permeable to water but
impermeable to solutes

Question 32

Where are Aquaporins abundant?

Answer 32

All parts of tubule except Ascending limb.

in DCT and collecting duct: regulated insertion in plasma
membrane.

Question 33

Thick ascending limb

Answer 33

actively transports Na+ (Cl– follows) and raises their concentration in the interstitial fluid

Question 34

Thin descending limb

Answer 34

loses water to the neighboring interstitial fluid with high Na+ and Cl– concentration

Question 35

Thin ascending limb

Answer 35

allows diffusion of Na+ and Cl– into the interstitial fluid

Question 36

In Collecting Duct, what is The Major Solute In Tubular Fluid?

Answer 36

Urea

Question 37

Why is water lost to interstitial fluid when fluid flows down the collecting duct?

Answer 37

because of concentration gradient established by loops of Henle.

Question 38

Whats the outocome of urea diffusing and adding to osmotic force

Answer 38

Some urea also diffuses and adds to osmotic force—recycling this urea contributes to urine concentration.

Question 39

Extremely long loops of Henle in
desert gerbils, kangaroo rats
and vampire bats.

Why?

Answer 39

Longer limbs: steeper gradients can be generated and maintained

Question 40

Why do long limbs cause steeper concentration gradients?

Answer 40

. more time and space for water to flow out of the filtrate in the descending limb; so, solutes get more concentrated in longer limbs than in shorter limbs.

Question 41

Desert animals have long _______

Answer 41

Long Loops Of Henle

Question 42

In the kidney, what makes up the medualla?

Answer 42

Renal pyramids

Question 43

The ureter, renal artery, and renal vein enter the kidney on the _______

Answer 43

concave side.

Question 44

The ureter branches and envelops _____

Answer 44

the renal pyramids.

Question 45

Nephrons part 2

Answer 45

Regulated reabsorption of water and ions.

Secretion of many solutes (e.g.
excess ions, drugs such as caffeine and aspirin).

Active transport and abundant mitochondria.

Question 46

What happens to Fluid that leaves the distal convoluted tubule and flows into the collecting duct?

Answer 46

–Has same solute concentration (osmolarity) as blood plasma.

–Has different composition.