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Physiology part 2 > Osmoregulation > Flashcards

Osmoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Maintaining homeostasis of water content
Control of tissue osmotic pressure
cannot pump water, so requires movement of solutes

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2
Q

Ionic Regulation

A

Control osmotic composition of body fluids

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3
Q

Nitrogen excretion

A

Pathway by which animals excrete ammonia

how to get rid of waste

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4
Q

Two types of osmotic exchange processes and what are they?

A

Obligatory:

  • based on physical processes animal cannot control
  • cannot control diffusion and osmosis

Regulated:

  • Controlled by the animal
  • uses energy
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5
Q

Challenges of osmoregulating in marine envs?

A
  • High level of ions and mostly Na+ and Cl-
  • must expel ions against electrochemical gradients: hypoosmotic
  • obtaining water against osmotic gradients
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6
Q

What are Conformers

A

Internal conditions are similar to external conditions, even when external conditions change

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7
Q

What are Regulators

A

Defend a nearly constant internal state, distinct from external conditions

Maintain osmotic balance by control

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8
Q

Ionoconformer

A

exerts little control over solute profile within its extracellular space

Solutes in body similar to envs

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9
Q

Ionoregulators

A

Control levels of most ions in extracellular fluids

employs a combination of ion absorption and excretion

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10
Q

osmoconformer

A

internal osmolarity is same as external envs

if external conditions change the internal osmolarity changes

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11
Q

Osmoregulators

A

maintains internal osmolarity within narrow range regardless of external envs

depending ion conditions, animals could have an osmolarity higher or lower than surrounding water.

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12
Q

Stenohaline

A

Tolerate narrow range of salt concentrations

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13
Q

Euryhaline

A

Tolerate widely variant osmolarities

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14
Q

Nitrogenous wast

A

Ammonia is produced riding amino acid breakdown. It is toxic solution that must be excreted, either as ammonia, uric acid, or urea.

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15
Q

What happens if you don’t excrete ammonia?

A

Toxic in body and results in water loss

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16
Q

What are the different form that nitrogenous waste is excreted and what animals use those types?

A

Fish ammonia
birds and reptiles: uric acid
Mammals: urea

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17
Q

Ammonia costs?

A

Cheapest nitrogenous wast: does not need to be further metabolized after protein metabolism

Cost lots of water lost

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18
Q

Uric Acid pros and cons?

A

Pro: can accumulate in body fluids with few toxic effects
- cares water bc excreted as anhydrous white crystals
Cons: synthesis requires metabolic energy

19
Q

Urea pros and cons?

A

Pros: pathway allows greater control of over the fate of metabolites
-made in the liver, released into blood, where fate depends on species
Cheaper than uric acid
less cheap than ammonia

Cons: synthesis requires metabolic energy

20
Q

Integument

A

protective layer that decreases water los and gain
Restricts osmosis to small areas
limits water loss to skin tissues

21
Q

Transcelluar transport

A

Movement of solutes( water) through epithelial cells

22
Q

Paracellurar transport

A

: movement of solutes (or water) between adjacent cells

23
Q

What are the three main nitrogenous waste excretion strategies?

A

Ammonium, uric acid, urea

24
Q

What is the difference between ionoconformer and osmoconformer

A

Ionocoformer: ionic composition same as envs

Osmoconformer: osmotic conditions as envs

25
Q

What are the 6 roles the kidney plays in maintenance of homeostasis?

A
  1. Ion balance
  2. Osmotic Balance
  3. Blood pressure
  4. Ph balance
  5. Excretion
  6. Hormone production
26
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney called and what does it do, draw anatomy and name areas?

A

Nephron

place at which all filtration occurs, excretion takes place

27
Q

Nephrons are composed of what two elements?

A

Glomerulu: twisted ball of capillaries that deliver fluid to the tubule

Renal tubule: composed of a single layer of cells with transport properties that allow them to reclaim specific solutes and expel others

28
Q

Kidneys have two major parts:

A

Renal Cortex, Renal medulla

29
Q

How does the Bowman’s capsule filter blood?

A

It is a size filter only

30
Q

What are the four regulatory factors involved in uric formation?

A

Filteration
Reabsorption
secretion
excretion

31
Q

Where does filtration occur?

A

Glomerulus

32
Q

What factors influence an animals ability to concentrate urine?

A

Medullary thickness: Thicker may be better

The amount of long loops of Henle: mammals can produce urine with an osmolarity 5x greater than plasma

33
Q

What influences the strength of the loop of henle?

A

the length; longer loops more concentrating abilities

34
Q

What osmoregulatory challenges do fresh water fish have to deal with?

A

excessive water gain and loss of ions

35
Q

What osmoregulatory challenge to marine fish have to deal with?

A

Solutes are higher outside than internally have to deal with ion gain and reduce water loss.

36
Q

How do marine fish reduce ion gain and where does it happen?

A

Gills are primary site of osmotic regulation: chloride cells are essential for excreting ions

37
Q

What is a hypo osmotic environment/

A

Fresher water inside than outside the body.

38
Q

What are the advantages of marine mammals having evolved on land with regards to osmoregulation?

A

Evolved to conserve water.

39
Q

What is the shape of the marine mammals kidney called and what is its function?

A

Reniculated kidney increases surface area of medulla.

40
Q

What are the 3 ways mammals gain water

A
  1. Ingestion of sea water
  2. from food
  3. from metabolism of fat
41
Q

How is water loss reduced in Marine mammals?

A

Apneu like breathing

Nasal turbinates

42
Q

What are some adaptations or strategies that marine mammals use to maintain osmolarity?

A

Highly concentrated urine produced by their reniculated kidney and Long loops of henle.

Metabolism of fat

drink sea water

reduction in water loss through apnea like breathing

nasal turbinates

43
Q

How do marine mammals get rid of nitrogenous waste?

A

Through kidney excitement of urea

44
Q

Salt gland fucntion

A

excrete slats and is the main way that birds do so.

Physiology part 2 (5 decks)

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