Adaptations to Polar Envs

Question 1

What are the differences between Arctic and Antarctic

Answer 1

arctic:
is warmer, has lots of vegitation
Has terrestrial mammals and some ocean dependent species.

Antarctic:
No terrestrial mammals or birds
-largest land animlls is midge
-most animals depend on the ocean

Question 2

What two factors make Antarctic colder than Arctic

Answer 2

1. Does not receive heat from ocean.

2. Antarctica has greater elevation

Question 3

What is supercooling?

Answer 3

Aqueous solutions can stay fluid below freezing

unstable and can freeze at any moment

Question 4

Extracellular freezing

Answer 4

Formation of ice (pure water) increases solute concentration–> water leaves cell–> cell shrinks increase osmotic pressure–> decrease freezing point

Question 5

Wood frog Freezing, how do they survive and run me through the process..

Answer 5

They increase their glucose and decrease their freezing point. When they thaw out they do so from the inside out allowing enough time for their internal circulation to provide blood to their external body so that it does not die. Internal body has a higher meting point.

Question 6

How do most animals avoid freezing?

Answer 6

Antifreeze proteins: colligative

Non-colligative antifreeze

Question 7

What are antifreeze proteins called and what is their function?

Answer 7

Glycerol: increases solute concentration and decrease freezing point (colligative)

Question 8

What is the name of the non-colligative antifreeze and what is its purpose?

Answer 8

Glycoprotiens and peptides:
weakly bonds to ice in form to prevent more water freezing.

Hysteresis–> freezing pint much lower than melting point

Question 9

What is the function of double bonds in fatty acid tails?

Answer 9

Allows to stay fluid much linger, freezes slower

Question 10

What is the anti-freeze found in ASF?

Answer 10

FGP

PAGP

Question 11

What are some traits of notothenioids?

Answer 11

No swim bladder, live in cold environments, have antifreeze properties that allow them to prevent freezing

Question 12

Why have nototheniods been so successful?

Answer 12

Less competition, antifreeze proteins

Question 13

What is unusual about ice fish?

Answer 13

They lack Hemoglobin, thinner blood allows for low MR in cold: cheaper to circulate thin blood

Question 14

Is loss of hemoglobin an adaptation?

Answer 14

Mutation that occurred, allied to persist due to envs high o2 concentration. Does not appear to be advantageous as thiner blood must be pumped more often (higher cardiac energy).

Question 15

What is unusual about ASF

Answer 15

PAGP special antifreeze

Question 16

How does non-shivering thermogenesis function and where does it occur?

Answer 16

occurs in the mitochondrial walls in brown adipose tissues. There is an increase in NO, UPC1 that allows electrons to produce energy, thermogenesis produced.