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M3-1- advanced topics and problems > Oscillation and Memory - Aarti > Flashcards

Oscillation and Memory - Aarti Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. Theta and gamma oscillations are important for memory consolidation whereas SPW-Rs are important for memory encoding
b. memory oscillations occur during wakefulness
c. Theta and gamma oscillations are important for memory encoding whereas SPW-Rs are important for memory consolidation
d. Theta oscillations are important for memory encoding whereas gamma oscillations are important for memory consolidation
e. Theta and gamma oscillations occur during sleep and resting wakefulness

A

c. Theta and gamma oscillations are important for memory encoding whereas SPW-Rs are important for memory consolidation

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2
Q

name two possible theories for why most organisms sleep

A
  1. cutting-off external stimuli to allow recalibration of the brain
  2. allows for elimination of useless information
  3. important for energy conservation
  4. during sleep unwanted metabolites can be eliminated by the glymphatic system
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3
Q

which of the following statements about sleep in the animal kingdom is correct?

a. sleep-wake cycle is consistent across all animal species - all of them follow diurnal cycle
b. sleep-wake cycle varies between all animal species - can be diurnal, nocturnal or metaturnal
c. giraffes sleep for 21h per day
d. dolphins only have non-REM sleep

A

b. sleep-wake cycle varies between all animal species - can be diurnal, nocturnal or metaturnal

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4
Q

what are the stages of sleep and which brain waves are associated with each stage?

A

a sleep cycle consists of 5 stages- 4 stages of slow-wave sleep (SWS, NREM) followed by REM sleep:

  1. theta wave
  2. delta waves + (thalamocortical) sleep spindles and K-complexes
        • Delta waves + SPW-Rs
  4. REM sleep (saw tooth appearance), DREAMING
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5
Q

What is the duration of SPW-Rs?

A

100 ms

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6
Q

which of the following statements is/are correct?

a. filtering SPW-R recording at 100-500 Hz results in filtering only the sharpwave compartment of SPW-R
b. filtering SPW-R recording at 100-500 Hz results in filtering only the ripple compartment of SPW-R
c. filtering SPW-R recording at 10-50 Hz results in filtering only the ripple compartment of SPW-R
d. SPW-Rs occur in post-learning resting period
e. SPW-Rs cannot be recorded in-vivo

A

b and d:

b. filtering SPW-R recording at 100-500 Hz results in filtering only the ripple compartment of SPW-R
d. SPW-Rs occur in post-learning resting period

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7
Q

how could one record SPW-R in-vivo? (electrode types/methods…)

what is the disadvantage of in-vivo recordings?

A
  1. tetrode electrode- the tip of the electrode comes in contact with CA1 area in anaesthetised animals
  2. silicone probe- used to record from awake animals,, and the probe has several points along its length, which allows for recording from different areas in the hippocampus

Disadvantage: recordings are done blindly (location of the electrode can only be determined post mortem)

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8
Q

T/F:
sleep spindles and theta waves are generated by emergent oscillation mechanism whereas SPW-Rs and gamma waves are generated by a pacemaker activity (Ih current)

A

False!

sleep spindles and theta waves are generated by Ih current which orchestrates the oscillatory activity (pacemaker oscillations), whereas SPW-Rs and gamma waves are generated by an interplay between pyramidal cells and IN networks in the hippocampus (emergent oscillation)

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9
Q

there are different types of interneurons (INs), which are involved in the generation of SPW-R oscillations. what are these types and which parts of pyramidal cells do they target?
And which one contributes to the generation of SWR?

A
  1. PV-basket cells - target the soma of pyramidal cells
  2. Axo-axonic cells- target the axons
  3. O-LM cells - target the apical dendrites (of pyramidal cells)

Others: bistratified (target both the soma and the apical dendrites), and CKK (target only the apical dendrites).

-Pv basket cells interplay with the Pyr neurons to make the SWR (emergent oscillation).

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10
Q

Which of the following statements about pyramidal cells and IN interaction during SPW-Rs id/are correct?

a. PV-basket cells target the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells, axo-axonic cells target the axons of other INs and O-LM cells target the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells
b. PV-basket cells target the soma of pyramidal cells, axo-axonic cells- target the axons of pyramidal cells and O-LM cells target the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells
c. PV-basket cells target the soma of pyramidal cells, axo-axonic cells- target the axons of pyramidal cells and O-LM cells target the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells
d. PV-basket cells are completely suppressed during SPW-Rs

A

c. PV-basket cells target the soma of pyramidal cells, axo-axonic cells- target the axons of pyramidal cells and O-LM cells target the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells

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11
Q

What mechanisms of SPW-R generation do you know?

A
  1. Gap-junctions between pyramidal cells
  2. Reciprocal inhibition- IN inhibit pyramidal cell and at the came time inhibits another IN
  3. Feedback inhibition - both IN and pyramidal cell receive input–> pyramidal cell excites IN which in return inhibits pyramidal cell
  4. Feedback & reciprocal inhibition- pyramidal cells receive input–> excite IN –> IN inhibits pyramidal cell and at the same time inhibits other IN
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12
Q

sleep spindles are generated in…

a. the cortex
b. the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in the thalamus
c. the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus (MGN)
d. in thalamocortical neurons
e. both a and b are correct

A

b. the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) in the thalamus

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13
Q 
Mechanism of sleep spindle generation (complete the following text):
Thalamocortical neurons (a)\_\_\_\_\_\_ cortical neurons (excitatory) and TRN neurons (inhibitory). Activation of TRN neurons lead to (b)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the TRN which activates (c)\_\_\_\_\_\_ - channel which generates (d)\_\_\_\_\_\_ firing, so TRN can (e)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ thalamocortical neurons
A 
a- excite 
b- hyperpolarisation
c- HCN (or Ih current or pacemaker)
d- burst - firing
e- inhibit
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14
Q

the role of the TRN in sleep spindle generation is….

a. inhibitory- inhibiting cortical neurons synchrinise firing of cortical - and thalmocortical neurons
b. inhibitory- inhibiting thalmocortical neurons to synchrinise firing of thalmocortical- and cortical neurons
c. excitatory- exciting thalmocortical neurons
d. both inhibitory and inhibitory- exciting cortical neurons and inhibitong thalamocortical neurons

A

b. inhibitory- inhibiting thalmocortical neurons to synchrinise firing of thalmocortical- and cortical neurons

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15
Q

what are the 3 main theories of memory consolidation?

A
  1. REM sleep in memory consolidation - theta activity during REM required for learning
  2. NREM sleep in memory consolidation - 2-stage model
  3. sequential hypothesis
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16
Q

what are the main principles of the 2-stage model of memory consolidation?

A
  1. during exploratory behaviour, information is deposited in labile form, and follows the following path:
    EC–> DG–> CA3–> CA1
  2. during SWS, the labile trace is converted to a long lasting form
  3. from CA1 area (hippocampus) signal is propagated to the subiculum and from the subiculum it goes to the EC and other cortical areas

–> so the whole process resembles a loop : during behaviour info goes fro EC to hippocampus and during NREM the information is replayed in the opposite direction (HPC to cortex)

17
Q

the 2 stage model is supported by…
a. behavioural experiments where disruption of SPW-Rs during post learning sleep impaired learning
b. Reduction in number and coherence of sleep spindles
in schizophrenia
c. both a and b are correct

A

c. both a and b are correct:

a- behavioural experiments where disruption of SPW-Rs during post learning sleep impaired learning

b- Reduction in number and coherence of sleep spindles
in schizophrenia

M3-1- advanced topics and problems (9 decks)

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