Oscar note AI Flashcards
What is chronic illness?
An illness lasting >3 months, usually with a slow progression, with periods of remission and relapse.
What are the three main reactions after being diagnosed with a chronic illness?
- Shock
- Emotion focused strategies
- Denial and retreat
True or False: Anxiety and depression are more common in those with a chronic illness.
True
What does crisis theory conceptualize chronic illness as?
A life crisis upsetting normal psychological and social equilibrium.
What are the two types of medication non-adherence?
- Unintentional
- Intentional
What is unintentional non-adherence due to?
- Practical barriers
- Insufficient capacity/resources
What factors contribute to intentional non-adherence?
- Perceived overprescribing
- Motivational beliefs/preferences
What are health habits?
Actions triggered automatically in response to contextual cues.
What are the three steps in the habit loop?
- Cue/trigger
- Routine
- Reward
How long does it typically take to form a habit?
An average of 66 days.
What is the COM-B model?
It describes three sets of factors contributing to one’s ability to change a target behaviour.
What are the three components of the COM-B model?
- Capability
- Opportunity
- Motivation
What are the stages of the Transtheoretical Model?
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Overemphasizing internal traits while neglecting external factors in explaining behavior.
What did Milgram’s experiments study?
Obedience to authority.
What are the five personality dimensions?
- Introversion/extroversion
- Neuroticism
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
How does personality affect subjective wellbeing?
Personality predispositions are strong predictors of wellbeing, more so than demographics.
What is the relationship between conscientiousness and longevity?
More conscientious individuals tend to live longer and have decreased health risks.
How does neuroticism relate to health risks?
It is associated with increased risk of both physical and mental illness.
What personality traits are linked to better performance at school?
Conscientiousness.
What happens to conscientiousness and emotional stability with age?
They increase with age.
What characterizes antisocial personality?
Behaviors that are indifferent to or cause suffering to others.
What is the leading preventable cause of death in the world?
Smoking.
At what age do most smokers start smoking?
Between 13 and 14 years of age.
What are key factors that influence smoking initiation?
- Peer influences
- Celebrity role models
- Personal characteristics
True or False: Smokers are often aware of the harms of smoking and want to stop.
True
What percentage of regular smokers are killed by smoking-related illnesses?
50%
This statistic highlights the severe health risks associated with smoking.
At what age do most smokers start smoking?
Between 13 and 14 years of age
Tobacco is illegal to buy until the age of 18.
What are key factors influencing the decision to start smoking?
- Peer influences (especially parents)
- Celebrity role models
- Personal characteristics (antisocial personality, depression, genetics)
These factors contribute to the initiation of smoking behavior.
What is the habit loop in the context of smoking?
- Cue/trigger: internal (stress) or external (peer pressure)
- Routine: starting to smoke reinforces the behavior
- Reward: smoking causes dopamine release, further reinforcing the behavior
This loop explains how habits are formed and maintained.
What are the three phases to forming habits?
- Initiation: define the new behavior and context
- Learning: repetition of the behavior in context
- Stability: the habit has formed and persists over time
These phases illustrate the progression of habit formation.
What is operant conditioning in the context of nicotine dependence?
It involves repeated positive reinforcement (dopamine release after smoking) and negative reinforcement (transient withdrawal when not smoking)
This mechanism drives the behavior of smoking.
What does the COM-B model stand for?
- Capability
- Opportunity
- Behaviour
- Motivation
This model describes the factors influencing behavior, including smoking cessation.
What are transient or permanent changes associated with tobacco withdrawal?
- Physical and psychological changes
- Urges to smoke
- Depression
- Increased weight
Withdrawal symptoms can significantly impact attempts to quit smoking.
What is the dependency ratio?
The ratio of those not in work to those who are
This is a key epidemiological factor in understanding social dependency.
What social structural factors exacerbate dependency in older age?
- Socioeconomic status
- Gender
- Retirement policy
These factors contribute to the challenges faced by the elderly.
What is the normative assumption in the UK regarding adult dependency?
It undermines self-respect and dignity
This assumption can affect the self-perception of older individuals.
What are the two types of death discussed?
- Social death
- Biological death
These concepts differentiate between the social isolation experienced at the end of life and the physical cessation of life.
What is the epidemiological shift?
A change where social death tends to precede biological death
This reflects modern experiences of dying, often involving chronic illness.
What is clinical iatrogenesis?
Medical interventions that prolong life may be detrimental for some
This highlights the potential negative effects of medical treatments.
What are the five features of a ‘good death’ according to Kelleher?
- Awareness of dying: prognosis
- Personal preparations and social adjustments
- Public preparations
- Relinquishing formal work roles
- Farewells
A good death emphasizes gradual withdrawal from social responsibilities.
What is the social causation/social determinants model?
A model that identifies social, economic, and environmental policies as key to limiting mental health issues
This approach emphasizes prevention over reliance on secondary care.
What does labelling theory focus on regarding mental illness?
Society’s reaction and categorization of behavior that does not conform to social roles and norms
This theory emphasizes the social construction of mental illness.
What is the impact of neuroscience on the conceptualization of mental illness?
It views mental illness as a disorder of brain function, reducing personal responsibility and stigma
This represents a shift towards understanding mental health in biological terms.
What does the influence of neuroscience represent in the conceptualization of mental illness?
A shift in viewing mental illness as a disorder of brain function
This perspective suggests that mental illness can be understood and treated as a physiological issue.
What is an advantage of viewing mental illness as a brain disorder?
It reduces personal responsibility, thereby minimizing social stigma and blame
This approach emphasizes the biological aspects of mental health rather than moral or personal failings.
What continues to elude researchers regarding neuropsychiatric disorders?
The genetic etiology of common neuropsychiatric disorders
Many researchers advocate for a multifaceted treatment approach due to this challenge.
What combination of interventions is required for effective treatment of mental illness?
Neurobiological, psychosocial, and health service interventions
A singular focus on molecular treatment is deemed insufficient.
When does the Mental Health Act 1983 (2007) primarily apply?
When a competent patient refuses to consent to assessment or treatment for a mental disorder
It does not apply to other illnesses present at the same time.
What is the purpose of Section 2 of the Mental Health Act?
28-day admission for assessment
Requires application by nearest relative or AMHP on recommendation of 2 doctors, one being a psychiatry specialist.
What criteria must be met for a patient to be admitted under Section 2?
Suffering from a ‘mental disorder of nature or degree’ warranting admission for assessment
Admission must be in the interest of the patient’s health or safety or the protection of others.
What does Section 3 of the Mental Health Act provide?
6-month admission for treatment, renewable at 6 months and every 12 months
Requires the same application process as Section 2, with a focus on the necessity of treatment.
What is the purpose of Section 4 of the Mental Health Act?
72-hour emergency admission
Admission can occur on the recommendation of one doctor, highlighting urgent necessity.
What does Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act address?
72-hour detention of a patient already voluntarily in hospital who changes their mind
This section applies specifically to doctors.
What does Section 5(4) of the Mental Health Act allow?
6-hour detention of a patient already voluntarily in hospital who changes their mind
This section applies specifically to approved mental health nurses.
