Human Factors Flashcards by Rebecca Owens

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What is sustainability in health care systems?

Delivering quality care while minimizing environmental impact

Promoting efficient resource use, renewable energy, and waste reduction

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What are carbon hotspots in hospitals and health systems?

Energy-intensive areas such as operating theaters and imaging departments

High emissions from transportation, supply chains, and HVAC systems

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What role do health professionals play in reducing carbon footprint?

Advocating for and implementing eco-friendly practices

Optimizing resource use without compromising patient care quality; leading by example in sustainable practices and education

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Why is waste management important in health care?

Critical for infection control and environmental safety

Proper segregation, recycling, and disposal reduce hazards and costs

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What are the steps in investigating a food poisoning outbreak?

Identify and isolate affected individuals, collect and analyze food and environmental samples, trace the source, implement control measures, and report to public health authorities

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What is involved in communicable disease prevention?

Maintain active monitoring systems and rapid reporting mechanisms, implement vaccination programs and public health interventions, educate communities to promote early detection and containment

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Which agencies protect public health against infection?

National public health bodies (e.g., Public Health England) and local authorities

Their roles include surveillance, outbreak response, policy formulation, and public education

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What infection control practices are followed at St. George’s Hospital?

Strict adherence to hand hygiene, PPE use, and sterilization protocols

Regular audits, staff training, and compliance with infection control policies

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What are the phases of clinical trials in vaccine development?

I–III

Clinical trials are designed to establish safety and efficacy before a vaccine is licensed.

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What is the role of regulatory bodies in vaccine development?

Ensuring compliance with ethical standards

Examples include MHRA and EMA.

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What is meant by ‘pharmacovigilance’ in the context of vaccines?

Continuous monitoring post-licensure

It involves tracking the safety of vaccines after they are approved.

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What is the primary public health aim of vaccination programs?

Reducing Disease Incidence

This involves lowering new infection rates through widespread immunization.

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What does achieving herd immunity entail?

Protecting vulnerable populations by reaching critical vaccination thresholds

Herd immunity helps to stop the spread of disease.

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What are key ethical considerations in vaccine policy?

Ensuring equitable access, transparency in trial data, balancing expedited development with safety assessments

These considerations help maintain public trust.

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What are some demographic factors influencing HIV transmission patterns?

Gender, age, and socioeconomic factors

These factors vary regionally and affect infection rates.

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What has been the impact of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) on HIV treatment?

Reduced viral loads and enhanced quality of life

Early initiation of ART leads to longer survival times.

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What are global initiatives that drive funding and education for HIV/AIDS?

UNAIDS and PEPFAR

These initiatives focus on resource allocation and community engagement.

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What advancements have led to changes in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality?

Advancements in Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)

These advancements have dramatically reduced mortality rates.

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What are the benefits of routine testing for HIV?

Early initiation of ART to control disease progression

Routine testing allows for timely management of the disease.

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What ethical considerations are important in HIV treatment access?

Timely access to diagnosis and treatment, balancing resource allocation, addressing social determinants of health

These factors contribute to disparities in outcomes.

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What is the legal obligation under the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984?

Mandatory and timely reporting of specified diseases

This facilitates rapid public health responses.

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Why is reporting notifiable diseases important?

Enables tracking of disease outbreaks and supports epidemiological surveillance

This helps in assessing the effectiveness of public health interventions.

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What are the ethical dilemmas presented by the Coronavirus Act 2020?

Balancing individual rights with public health interests

This includes tensions between personal freedoms and collective safety.

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What provisions does the Coronavirus Act 2020 include?

Mandatory testing, quarantine, lockdowns, data sharing ## Footnote These measures support healthcare systems during the pandemic.

What is a key aspect of policy and ethical considerations during health emergencies?

Transparent decision-making processes ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining public trust.

Fill in the blank: The act of integrating care models that address comorbidities and psychosocial support is important for _______.

effective management of HIV

What are the key challenges in global health distribution?

Resource distribution, infrastructure, political commitment

What ethical issues are associated with global health distribution?

Equity, justice, fairness in health care access

What percentage of the global population lives on less than $10 per day?

A significant portion

What is the impact of living on less than $1.90 per day?

Impacts access to health care services and resources

How is health care availability distributed worldwide?

Unevenly, with LMICs having significantly fewer resources

What health challenges are prominent in poorer regions like sub-Saharan Africa?

High HIV prevalence, maternal mortality rates

Where are a disproportionate number of healthcare professionals concentrated?

Wealthier nations

How many people lack access to essential medicines globally?

Approximately 1.9 billion

What does the 10/90 gap refer to in global health financing?

Only 10% of health R&D funding addresses the needs of the poorest 90%

What is the key principle of colorectal cancer screening?

Early detection to reduce morbidity and mortality

What are the criteria for effective screening methods?

Cost-effective, acceptable, accessible

What is the gold standard method for colorectal cancer screening?

Colonoscopy

What is a significant limitation of colonoscopy?

Requires bowel preparation, sedation

What does the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) detect?

Hidden blood in stool

How often is the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) typically recommended?

Annually

What is a key advantage of sigmoidoscopy compared to colonoscopy?

Less invasive, shorter procedure time

At what age is colorectal cancer screening generally recommended?

Over 50 years of age

What are some high-risk groups for colorectal cancer screening?

* Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps * Genetic predispositions (e.g., FAP, Lynch syndrome) * Long-standing inflammatory bowel diseases

What guides the adoption of evidence-based guidelines for screening?

Robust research demonstrating reduced mortality and improved cost-effectiveness

What is the definition of sensitivity in diagnostic testing?

Ability to correctly identify those without the disease

What does specificity measure in diagnostic tests?

a test with high specificity is good for ruling IN a disease, but only when the result is positive.

What role do likelihood ratios play in diagnostic reasoning?

Adjust pre-test to post-test probabilities

What is the purpose of using continuous biological measures in screening?

Monitor disease progression

True or False: Not every risk factor necessitates screening.

True

Screening should balance benefits, cost-effectiveness, and potential _______.

harms

What are the resource implications of renal dialysis and transplantation?

High cost and resource intensity necessitate efficient allocation ## Footnote Balancing long-term sustainability with patient care needs.

How can exposure to hazardous substances impact respiratory disease?

Exposure increases disease risk ## Footnote Importance of occupational safety measures and preventive strategies.

What influences consumer behavior and public perception regarding tobacco?

Advertising, price policy, and health warnings ## Footnote Effective policies can lead to reduced tobacco consumption and improved public health.

What do prominent health warnings on tobacco packaging serve to communicate?

Dangers associated with smoking ## Footnote They inform consumers about risks including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory illnesses.

Fill in the blank: Strong health warnings can encourage smokers to _______ and discourage non-smokers from starting.

quit

What is one effective intervention that complements broader tobacco control strategies?

Health warnings on tobacco packaging ## Footnote They are cost-effective and support measures such as taxation and advertising bans.

What is the impact of high taxation on tobacco products?

Deters initiation among price-sensitive groups ## Footnote High taxation increases the cost of tobacco products.

What evidence supports the relationship between rising tobacco prices and smoking behavior?

Decreased consumption and higher quit rates ## Footnote Evidence from the UK indicates a correlation.

What are some barriers to healthcare for the LGBTQ community?

Discrimination and lack of tailored care ## Footnote Need for culturally competent practices and inclusive health policies.

What strategies can be implemented to challenge healthcare disparities?

Policy reforms and promote equitable access ## Footnote Enhance training and awareness among health professionals.

What are some causes of homelessness in the UK?

Economic hardship, mental health, and housing shortages ## Footnote Multifactorial issues require coordinated interventions.

What influences the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia?

Genetics, environmental factors, and diagnostic practices ## Footnote Global and local differences highlight the need for tailored mental health services.

What are social determinants that critically impact health outcomes?

Income, education, and environment ## Footnote Major UK reports emphasize the need for targeted interventions.

What do health policy responses to social inequalities focus on?

Resource allocation, community engagement, and sustainable policy measures ## Footnote Evaluation of government strategies aimed at reducing disparities.

How do different funding models affect healthcare?

Affect delivery of preventative and curative care ## Footnote Impacts access, quality, and overall population health outcomes.