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[OS 202] Lecture Exam B > OS 202 B Samplex 2011 > Flashcards

OS 202 B Samplex 2011 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following sensation is generated by
impulses initiated in naked nerve endings?

a. Pain
b. Itch
c. Tickle
d. All of the above

A

A

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2
Q

When the vibratory sense is tested, which of the
following receptors are activated the most?

a. Paccinian corpuscle
b. Rufini endings
c. Meissner corpuscle
d. Meissner endings

A

A

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3
Q

Which of the following receptors do not contain
cation channels that are activated by mechanical
distortion?

a. Paccinian corpuscle
b. Hair cells in cochlea
c. Hair cells in semilunar canal
d. None of the above

A

D

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4
Q

Which of the following is true of generator
potential?

a. Generated in the 1st node of Ranvier
b. Result of summation of EPSP and IPSP
c. Propagated potential
d. Its amplitude is proportionate to the intensity
of stimulus

A

D

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5
Q

Which statement describes/illustrates the
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies?

a. Specific sensory pathways are discrete from the sense organ to the cortex
b. Excitation of a particular receptor by a stimulus always elicits the same sensation
c. A deaf person because of a middle ear disease can be made to “hear” tones by stimulating the auditory nerve
d. All of the above

A

D

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6
Q

The primary function of lateral inhibition in central
pathways is to

a. Define the central modality
b. Enhance contrast
c. Determine the duration sensation
d. Modulate the stimulus intensity

A

B

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7
Q

Which component of the sensory action potential
encodes the intensity of the sensation?

a. amplitude of the Action Potential
b. frequency of the action potential
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

A

B

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8
Q

The part of the nervous system that is
responsible for the affect of any sensation is the

a. brainstem reticular formation
b. thalamus
c. amygdala
d. association area

A

C

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9
Q

Which sensory pathway bypasses the thalamus
and proceeds straight to the cortex?

a. Gustatory
b. Olfactory
c. Visual
d. auditory

A

B

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10
Q

A lesion in the primary sensory parietal cortex
will diminish to a larger extent which sensory
modality?

a. touch
b. stereognosis
c. pain
d. cold sensation

A

B

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11
Q

Which sensory modality is tested when a patient is asked to identify an object put in his hand with his eyes closed?

a. touch
b. stereognosis
c. graphesthesia
d. tactile localization

A

B

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12
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the
sensory unit

a. a dorsal horn neuron
b. a sensory axon
c. all peripheral branches of the axon
d. receptors within the sensory field

A

A

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13
Q

Which statement is true of rapidly adapting
receptors

a. they alert the nervous system to any change in the environment
b. they discharge during application and withdrawal of the stimulus
c. they are best suitable for spatio-temporal discrimination
d. AOTA

A

D

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14
Q

Which of the ff conditions would result in a decrease in muscle tone or hypotonia?

a. increase in the afferent input from the muscle spindles
b. destruction of the alpha motor neuron
c. inceased gamma motor neuron drive
d. any of the above condition

A

BC

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15
Q

When one steps on a pointed object, the following motor neuron pools in the spinal cord are activated

a. ipsilateral flexors, ipsilateral extensors and
contralateral extensors
b. ipsilateral flexors, contralateral extensors and
contralateral flexors
c. contralateral extensors, ipsilateral flexors
d. contralateral extensors, ipsilateral extensors

A

C

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16
Q

In the withdrawal reflex, the following sensory receptors are activated

a. bare nerve endings
b. muscle spindles
c. proprioceptors
d. AOTA

A

DC

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17
Q

While dissecting a specimen, a student accidentally stabbed his hand. The sudden acute pain that the student experienced is carried by which type of nerve fiber?

a. A-alpha
b. A-beta
c. A-delta
d. C fibers

A

C

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18
Q

The following statements are true of pain receptors EXCEPT

a. they are polymodal and respond to any noxious stimulus
b. they are widely distributed throughout the body
c. they easily adapt to continuous noxious stimulation
d. they are associated with ligands and mechanically-gated ion channels

A

C

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19
Q

The autonomic reflexes associated with pain are due to the activation of which ascending pathway?

a. Spinoreticular
b. Spinomesencephalic
c. Spinothalamic
d. Pontoamygdaloid pathway

A

A

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20
Q

As in any sensation, the intensity of pain can be
modulated by

a. the number of receptors activated
b. the frequency of firing sensory units
c. contextual features
d. AOTA

A

D

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21
Q

Which statement is true of visceral pain?

a. the receptors for visceral pain are distinct from somatic pain receptors
b. the visceral receptors are rapidly adapting
c. there are more delta-A fibers than C fibers that innervate the viscera
d. visceral pain travels in same tract as somatic pain

A

D

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22
Q

Visceral referred pain can be explained by which mechanism or theory

a. facilitation theory
b. projection theory
c. the viscera having the same origin of innervation as the somatic structure
d. AOTA

A

D

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23
Q

Visceral pain afferents are most sensitive to the ff stimuli EXCEPT

a. Stretching
b. a cut
c. Anoxemia
d. Traction

A

B

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24
Q

The descending inhibitory control of pain arises from which of the ff structures?

a. periaqueductal grey area
b. serotonurgic pain neuron
c. noreadrenergic pain neuron
d. AOTA

A

D

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25
Q

Stimulation of A-beta fibers inhibits pain due to

a. direct postsynaptic inhibition
b. presynaptic inhibition
c. lateral inhibition
d. recurrent inhibition

A

B

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26
Q

Acupuncture relieves some form of somatic pain by

a. activating the descending inhibitory control pathway
b. inactivating the intrasegmental inhibitory system
c. either of the above
d. neither of the above

A

C

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27
Q

Which sensory system is activated by a ligand?

a. visual
b. olfactory
c. auditory
d. vestibular

A

B

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28
Q

The ff sensory systems have the ability to respond to inadequate stimulus by hyperpolarization EXCEPT

a. visual
b. olfactory
c. auditory
d. vestibular

A

B

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29
Q

The fovea of the eye

a. has the lowest light threshold
b. is the region of the highest visual acuity
c. is located at the head of the optic nerve
d. contains cones and some rods

A

A

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30
Q

Vitamin A is the precursor for the synthesis of

a. cotoxin
b. retinin
c. transducin
d. cGMP

A

B

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31
Q

When one reads a book, the eyes accommodate by

a. contraction of the ciliary muscles
b. increasing the curvature of the lens
c. converging both eyes
d. AOTA

A

D

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32
Q

The condition where a patient’s cornea is irregular such that light rays are refracted in different meridians is called

a. strabismus
b. hyperopia
c. myopia
d. astigmatism

A

D

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33
Q

Myopia can be corrected by prescribing

a. converging lenses
b. diverging lenses
c. cylindric lenses
d. camera lenses

A

B

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34
Q

Which of the following tastants activate ionotropic channels only?

a. bitter
b. sour
c. umami
d. none of the above

A

B

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35
Q

Taste discrimination is encoded mostly through

a. temporal summation of sensory fibers
b. spatial summation of sensory fibers
c. discharges of specific taste receptors
d. None of the above

A

B

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36
Q

To facilitate during oral medication to young children, liquid syrups are almost always flavored because children have

a. low threshold to bitter substances
b. high threshold for sweet substances
c. low threshold for salty substances
d. low threshold for sour substances

A

A

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37
Q

Elderly people usually complain of the food tasting flat. This may be due to

a. memory loss for the original taste
b. atrophy of the olfactory cells
c. chronic smoking
d. any of the above

A

D

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38
Q

The most common cause of inability to smell is

a. common colds
b. trauma to the frontal lobe
c. atrophy of the olfactory cells
d. long term use of perfumes

A

A

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39
Q

The efficient lever system of the ossicular chain is due to the

a. anatomical shape of the three ossicles
b. size of the three ossicles
c. smaller surface area of the stapes
d. absence of friction of the lever system

A

D

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40
Q

Where would high frequency sound waves be tranduced in the cochlea

a. At the base
b. At the apex
c. at the first third division of the cochlea
d. at the middle portion of the cochlea

A

A

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41
Q

A patient who complains of conductive hearing loss on the right side would have a Weber test that

a. Lateralizes on the affected ear
b. lateralizes on the contralateral ear
c. does not laterize but stays on the midline

A

A

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42
Q

The semicircular canals can be stimulated by which of the following stimuli?

a. angular acceleration
b. pirouette of a ballet dancer
c. thermal currents
d. AOTA

A

D

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43
Q

Which statement is true of the vestibulo-ocular reflex?

a. it is initiated by impulses from the rods and cones
b. it only works under light illumination
c. when activated, it produces a compensatory eye movement opposite in direction of the head movement
d. the reflex is a closed loop system in that it requires a feedback from the vestibular system

A

C

44
Q

Being an important system in maintaining posture and balance, the vestibular system has important connections with the following systems

a. visual system and the extra ocular muscles
b. cerebellum
c. dorsal column
d. AOTA

A

D

45
Q

Which of the following statements is true about the muscle stretch reflex ?

a. the receptors are slowly adaptive
b. the afferents are type 2 fibers
c. the adequate stimulus is increased muscle tension
d. the spinal output requires release of acetylcholine from the motor neuron

A

D

46
Q

The intrafusal fibers of the Golgi tendon organ are actually composed of these loosely arranged fibers

a. Elastic fibers
b. Reticular fibers
c. Collagen fibers
d. Hyaline fibers

A

C

47
Q

The encapsulated receptors whose capsule consists of numerous concentric lamellae of flattened cells

a. Meissner corpuscle
b. Paccinian corpuscle
c. Red corpuscle
d. Ruffini’s corpuscle

A

B

48
Q

The intrafusal fiber which has an expanded, nucleated, equatorial region is called the

a. Nuclear expanded fiber
b. Nuclear bag fiber
c. Extrafusal fiber
d. Nuclear chain fiber

A

B

49
Q

This receptor responds to changes in temperature

a. Nociceptor
b. Mechanoreceptor
c. Electromagnetic receptor
d. Thermoreceptor

A

D

50
Q

A large ascending tract of the posterior white column located near the median sulcus of the spinal cord

a. Fasciculus cuneatus
b. Fasciculus gracilis
c. Medial lemniscus
d. Nucleus gracilis

A

B

51
Q

The second order neuron of this pain and temperature pathway crosses within one spinal segment in the opposite side in the anterior gray commissure. This pathway is called the

a. Lateral spinothalamic
b. Anterior spinothalamic
c. Spinotectal
d. Spinoreticular

A

A

52
Q

The axons of the third order neuron of the pain and temperature pathway reaches this somesthetic area. This area is called the

a. Pre-central gyrus
b. Corona radiata
c. Post central gyrus
d. Internal capsule

A

C

53
Q

Fibers of the cuneocerebellar tract that connects to the cerebellum on the ipsilateral side are called the

a. Posterior internal arcuate fibers
b. Posterior external arcuate fibers
c. Medial lemniscus
d. Anterior external arcuate fibers

A

B

54
Q

These ascending tracts end up in the brain on the same side where the stimulus was felt except

a. Spinoreticular tract
b. Spino-olivary tract
c. Spinotectal tract
d. Posterior spinocerebellar tract

A

B

55
Q

An ascending tract of the lateral white column situated between the deep of the posterior gray column and the surface of spinal cord

a. Lateral spinothalamic tract
b. Spinoreticular tract
c. Spinotectal tract
d. Posterolateral tract of Lissauer

A

D

56
Q

Loop of nerve cells at the base of the posterior gray column associated with propioceptive endings

a. Nucleus propius
b. Nucleus dorsalis
c. Substancia gelatinosa
d. Visceral afferent nucleus

A

B

57
Q

A tract of the lateral white column situated medial to the anterior spinocerebellar tract which conveys information concerned with pain and temperature sense

a. Lateral spinothalamic
b. Posterior spinocerebellar
c. Anterior spinocerebellar
d. Spino-olivary

A

A

58
Q

The first order neuron of the ascending tract sends its cell body in the

a. Spinal cord’s gray horn
b. Posterior root ganglion
c. Thalamus
d. Medulla

A

B

59
Q

The second order neurons of the posterior white column are located in these structures called

a. Nuclei gracilis and cuneatus
b. Internal arcuate fibers
c. Nucleus dorsalis
d. Substancia gelatinosa

A

A

60
Q

The fibers of the nuclei gracilis and cuneatus before they decussate to the contralateral side are known as the

a. Medial lemniscus
b. Internal arcuate fibers
c. External arcuate fibers
d. Medial fasciculus

A

B

61
Q

The majority of fibers of this tract(s) cross the midline as it ascends the spinal cord

a. Posterior spinocerebellar
b. Cuneocerebellar
c. Spinoreticular
d. Spinotectal

A

D

62
Q

The type of sensory receptor that responds to any stimuli that bring about damage to tissues is

a. Thermoreceptor
b. Mechanoreceptor
c. Electromagnetic receptor
d. Nociceptor

A

D

63
Q

The disc-shaped expansion of the Merkel disc is applied closely to a dark staining epithelial cell called

a. Merkel cell
b. Meissner cell
c. Marker cell
d. Melanocyte

A

A

64
Q

The bending of hair and its release stimulates
this receptor

a. Free nerve endings
b. Hair follicle receptor
c. Ruffini’s corpuscle
d. Hair shaft receptor

A

B

65
Q

These are fast adapting mechanoreceptors found in the dermal papillae as ovoid bodies made up of sacs of flattened Schwann cells

a. Merkel disc
b. Paccinian corpuscle
c. Meissner corpuscle
d. Ruffini’s corpuscle

A

C

66
Q

The proximal neuron of this cranial nerve passes through the cribriform plate before synapsing with the second order neuron

a. CN I
b. CN II
c. CN VII
d. CN VIII

A

A

67
Q

The lateral olfactory stria project to which of the following structures?

a. contralateral olfactory tract
b. contralateral olfactory bulb
c. ipsilateral olfactory primary center
d. medial olfactory stria

A

C

68
Q

This is the condition wherein the patient experiences odors which aren’t really present

a. uncal hallucinations
b. anosmic hallucinations
c. uncinate hallucinations
d. dysnosmic hallucinations

A

C

69
Q

Which of the following structures is not associated with the taste sensation?

a. Tongue
b. Pharynx
c. Papillae
d. Tonsils

A

D

70
Q

Which of the following nerves is not associated with the taste sensation?

a. CN V
b. CN VII
c. CN X
d. CN IX

A

A

71
Q

Which of the following structures is not associated with a media problem of the eye that leads to blurred vision?

a. Cornea
b. Anterior chamber
c. Lens
d. retina

A

B

72
Q

Which of the following transmit nerve fibers that contribute to the (formation) of optic nerve?

a. Photoreceptors
b. Bipolar cells
c. Horizontal cells
d. Ganglion cells

A

D

73
Q

Which of the following is NOT a photoreceptor found in the retina?

a. red cones
b. photopic rods
c. scotopic rods
d. blue cones

A

B

74
Q

Which image property is NOT detected by cone photoreceptors?

a. Form
b. Color
c. Contrast illumination
d. Fine shapes

A

C

75
Q

Which of the following is a property of the magnocellular cells?

a. better sensitivity
b. better acuity
c. color perception
d. form perception

A

A

76
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

a. organizes information about visual image
b. changes arousal state (consciousness) depending on the stimuli
c. helps coordinate oculomotor control
d. receives feedback from the primary visual cortex

A

C

77
Q

Which of the following occupies the greatest amount of representation in the primary visual cortex?

a. temporal peripheral visual field
b. color stimulation relays
c. foveal area
d. nasal area

A

C

78
Q

A patient complains of corridor vision like there are dark walls to either side of his visual field. He gets easily surprised especially with people or things coming from his left or right. Where is the possible lesion?

a. Right and left optic nerve
b. Optic chiasm
c. Right and left infundibular areas
d. Primary visual cortex

A

B

79
Q

A patient suffers a strong blunt force trauma to the back of his head. Afterwards, he complained of not being able to see people’s faces and a large central area of the visual field. The site of the lesion is most likely where?

b. Bilateral facial recognition area
c. Wernicke’s area
d. Lateral retina of both eyes
e. Macular representation in the visual cortex

A

E

80
Q

Recognition of objects on the visual field involves what region of the cortex?

a. Temporal
b. Parietal
c. Frontal
d. Limbic association areas

A

A

81
Q

Connection of CN II and CN III as pertains to the papillary light reflex pass through what structure?

a. Lateral geniculate nucleus
b. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
c. Ciliary gangion
d. Optic nerve

A

B

82
Q

A Marcus-Gunn pupil on the right indicates a lesion of which nerve?

a. Right CN II
b. Right CN III
c. Left CN II
d. Left CN III

A

A

83
Q

A person crossing the road raises his arms just as the delivery truck is about to hit him. Why?

a. He doesn’t want to see his impending doom
b. He is instinctively trying to plead to the driver for mercy
c. He is calling for help from heaven
d. He is trying to protect his eyes

A

D

84
Q

Accommodation has thee components. Which of the following does not belong?

a. Ciliary muscle contraction
b. Lens thickening
c. Increased tearing
d. Pupillary constriction

A

C

85
Q

In the inner ear, what is the end sensory organ for hearing?

a. Eardrum
b. Organ of Corti
c. Semicircular Canal
d. Eustachian Tube

A

B

86
Q

Belt pathways in the cochlear nerve carry what information?

a. Frequency of sounds
b. Loudness of sounds
c. Location of sounds
d. Feedback from the cortex

A

B

87
Q

Which of the following structures does not receive bilateral afferents?

a. Trapezoid body
b. Superior olivary nucleus
c. Medial geniculate nucleus
d. Inferior colliculus

A

A

88
Q

What is the function of the olivocochlear bundle?

a. Receives signals from the cochlea
b. Sens signals to the superior olivary nucleus
c. Changes the sensitivity of the organ of Corti
d. Connects the two ears together

A

C

89
Q

Third-order neurons would reach the primary auditory cortex pass from which structure?

a. Inferior colliculus
b. Medial geniculate nucleus
c. Superior colliculus
d. Superior auditory complex

A

B

90
Q

The primary auditory complex is located in which region?

a. Brodmann’s area 41
b. Wernicke’s Area
c. Inferior temporal gyrus
d. Broca’s area

A

A

91
Q

Wernicke’s area is connected to the Broca’s area via what structure?

a. Lateral lemniscus
b. Gyrus of Herschl
c. Calcarine body
d. Arcuate faciculus

A

D

92
Q

The lateral semicircular canal is paired with what other structure?

a. contralateral saccule
b. contralateral lateral SCC
c. contralateral superior SCC
d. contralateral cochlea

A

B

93
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

a. Each hair cell contains kinocilia of different heights
b. Each SCC had a cupula that moves in the direction of the forces
c. All hair cells have the same shape
d. All of the hair cells of one crista ampullaris are oriented in one direction

A

D

94
Q

Which of the following is not true?

a. Basal firing rate of hair cells increase with the movement of the stereocilia towards the kinocilia
b. Otoliths cause the gelatinous membrane of the saccule and utricle to move towards the direction of the pull of gravity
c. The saccule is as sensitive to movement in each direction because of its curved striola
d. Movement of the endolymph in the occur during head turning

A

C

95
Q

Which of the following factors is responsible for the stabilization of the head and body during walking?

a. Vestibuloocular reflex
b. Vestibulospinal reflex
c. Vestibulocortical pathways
d. Cerebellovestibular pathways

A

B

96
Q

The CN V mediates general sensory afferent modality to the following parts of the face except:

a. nose tip
b. upper teeth
c. jaw angle
d. forehead

A

C

97
Q

Which nerve root is affected if you have
numbness of the thumb?

a. C5
b. C6
c. C7
d. C8

A

B

98
Q

A thirty year old male suffered lumbosacral backache. Few days ago when straightening up, he felt a pop in his back and since then had severe sharp radiating pain into his right foot along its lateral aspect into the little toe. What nerve root would you suspect is affected?

a. L4
b. L5
c. S1
d. S2

A

C

99
Q

The proprioreceptive or proprioreceptive functions mediated by the dorsal columns include the following except

a. stereognosia
b. kinesthesia
c. anosognosia
d. graphesthesia

A

C

100
Q

Clinical findings can help differentiate sensory from cerebellar ataxia except:

a. overshooting
b. loss of vibratory and position sense
c. areflexia
d. hypotonia

A

A

101
Q

When testing for sensory function which of the following digit of the hands is best tested?

a. Thumb
b. Middle finger
c. Index finger
d. Little finger

A

B

102
Q

A 30 year old male with conducting hearing loss of right ear would not have:

a. Rinne right: air > bone
b. Rinne left: air > bone
c. Weber: lateralized to the right
d. Ticking watch heard better on the left

A

A

103
Q

Afferent avenues which provide stabilizing information for equilibrium sense

a. vision
b. proprioreception
c. cutaneous perception
d. A & B
e. All of the Above

A

E

104
Q

Complete cortical blindness is characterized by the following except:

a. complete blindness
b. loss of smooth pursuit
c. normal pupillary reaction
d. no pupillary reaction

A

D

105
Q

The following actions of individual eye muscles are true except

a. medial rectus – adduction
b. inferior rectus – depression and abduction
c. superior rectus – elevation and adduction
d. superior oblique – depression and abduction

A

B

106
Q

Feature of Horner’s syndrome except

a. anhidrosis
b. flushing
c. mydriasis
d. ptosis

A

C

107
Q

Which cranial nerve subserves taste of anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

a. V
b. VII
c. IX
d. X

A

B

[OS 202] Lecture Exam B (6 decks)

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