Ortopedia

Question 1

VARUS AND VALGUS DEFORMITY

Answer 1

pag.1

Question 2

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE LENGTH

Answer 2

pag. 2

Question 3

THE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE IN LEG LENGTH

Answer 3

pag.3

Question 4

CAUSES OF LEG DISCREPANCY

Answer 4

Shortening causes: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE); radiation> tumors; Osteomyelitis; hemiatrophy

Lengthening: Hemyhypertrophy
Haemangioma (more blood in one side)

Question 5

CAUSES OF LARGE DIFFERENCES IN MEASUREMENTS OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE RANGE OF MOVEMENTS

Answer 5

Pain
After an operation active movements are smaller than passive

Question 6

RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC JOINT

Answer 6

pag.4

Question 7

TYPICAL RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN JOINT DEGENERATION

Answer 7

Joint space narrowing
Formation of osteophytes
Subchondral cysts and sclerosis

Question 8

TYPICAL X-RAY CHANGES WITH INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM

Answer 8

At first, no changes. Later on we can notice soft tissue swelling in the affected small joints and osteoporosis.
After those changes rarefaction of joint occurs. At the end the cartilage space is lost, there are deformities of joints, subluxations of joints (atlas and shoulder e.g.) may be present.

Question 9

INTRAARTICULAR AND EXTRAARTICULAR CAUSES OF KNEE PAIN

Answer 9

INTRAARTICULAR: ostheoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis, fracture, ligamentous or meniscal injury, septic arthritis;
EXTRAARTICULAR: Baker’s cyst, bursitis, patellar tendinopathy;

Question 10

COMPLICATIONS AFTER PLASTER CAST APPLICATION ON EXTREMITIES

Answer 10

IMMEDIATE:
Compartment syndrome (the cast is too tight) > 5P;
Pressure ulcers;
Itchy skin and infections;

DELAYED:
Malunion, Non-union, Delayed union;
Growth disturbance,
Arthritis

Question 11

INFILTRATION THERAPY

Answer 11

Intra or periarticular injection with drugs such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs or hyaluronic acid in case of a disease. For instance Ostheoarthritis, RA, synovitis, Carpal tunnel syndrome.

Question 12

ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS FOR MUSCOLOSKELATAL CONDITIONS

Answer 12

Keep in mind to use the lowest effictive dose, for the shortest period of time as possible. Rise up the dose only if the pain is not well controlled or switch to another drug.
- Low/mild pain> paracetamol, aspirin +/- adiuvants (TCA, SNRI corticosteroids); [paracetamol never >4 g/day]
- Moderate > opioids (tramadole but it’s highly addictive, codeine)
- Severe pain > Morphine, oxycodone

Question 13

OSTEOTOMY

Answer 13

pag.8

Question 14

ARTHRODESIS

Answer 14

pag.9

Question 15

BONE TRANSPLANTATION

Answer 15

pag.10

Question 16

BIOPSY

Answer 16

pag.12

Question 17

CHONDROCYTE TRANSPLANTATION AND MOSAIC-PLASTY

Answer 17

pag.12

Question 18

CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS OF OSTHEOARTHRITIS

Answer 18

pag.16 (pag.141)

Question 19

TREATMENT OF ARTHROSIS

Answer 19

pag.16 (pag.142-143)

Question 20

ORTHOPEDIC PROBLEMS IN HAEMOPHILIA

Answer 20

Pag. 19

Question 21

SCHOBER TEST (ANATOMICAL EXPLANATION)

Answer 21

Pag. 21

Question 22

LASEGUE SIGN

Answer 22

Pag.21

Question 23

FEMORALIS STRETCH TEST

Answer 23

Pag.24

Question 24

CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH, EXAMPLES OF REDUCED STRENGTH:

Answer 24

pag. 22

Question 25

BONE CELLS AND MATRIX

Answer 25

Pag.24

Question 26

MUSCLE TYPES ACCORDING TO PHYLOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT

Answer 26

pag. 29

Question 27

PAGET’S DISEASE

Answer 27

pag.30

Question 28

ACUTE OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 28

pag.31

Question 29

CHRONIC OSTEOMYELITIS

Answer 29

pag.32

Question 30

BRODIE ABSCESS

Answer 30

pag. 32

Question 31

SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS

Answer 31

pag.33

Question 32

SEPTIC SPONDYLITIS AND DISCITIS

Answer 32

pag.34

Question 33

TB OF BONES AND JOINTS

Answer 33

pag.35

Question 34

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS IN ADULTS

Answer 34

pag.36

Question 35

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Answer 35

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