Ortopedia Flashcards
VARUS AND VALGUS DEFORMITY
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THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE LENGTH
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THE FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE IN LEG LENGTH
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CAUSES OF LEG DISCREPANCY
Shortening causes: Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE); radiation> tumors; Osteomyelitis; hemiatrophy
Lengthening: Hemyhypertrophy
Haemangioma (more blood in one side)
CAUSES OF LARGE DIFFERENCES IN MEASUREMENTS OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE RANGE OF MOVEMENTS
Pain
After an operation active movements are smaller than passive
RADIOGRAPHIC AND ANATOMIC JOINT
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TYPICAL RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN JOINT DEGENERATION
Joint space narrowing
Formation of osteophytes
Subchondral cysts and sclerosis
TYPICAL X-RAY CHANGES WITH INFLAMMATORY RHEUMATISM
At first, no changes. Later on we can notice soft tissue swelling in the affected small joints and osteoporosis.
After those changes rarefaction of joint occurs. At the end the cartilage space is lost, there are deformities of joints, subluxations of joints (atlas and shoulder e.g.) may be present.
INTRAARTICULAR AND EXTRAARTICULAR CAUSES OF KNEE PAIN
INTRAARTICULAR: ostheoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, synovitis, fracture, ligamentous or meniscal injury, septic arthritis;
EXTRAARTICULAR: Baker’s cyst, bursitis, patellar tendinopathy;
COMPLICATIONS AFTER PLASTER CAST APPLICATION ON EXTREMITIES
IMMEDIATE:
Compartment syndrome (the cast is too tight) > 5P;
Pressure ulcers;
Itchy skin and infections;
DELAYED:
Malunion, Non-union, Delayed union;
Growth disturbance,
Arthritis
INFILTRATION THERAPY
Intra or periarticular injection with drugs such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs or hyaluronic acid in case of a disease. For instance Ostheoarthritis, RA, synovitis, Carpal tunnel syndrome.
ANALGESIC MEDICATIONS FOR MUSCOLOSKELATAL CONDITIONS
Keep in mind to use the lowest effictive dose, for the shortest period of time as possible. Rise up the dose only if the pain is not well controlled or switch to another drug.
- Low/mild pain> paracetamol, aspirin +/- adiuvants (TCA, SNRI corticosteroids); [paracetamol never >4 g/day]
- Moderate > opioids (tramadole but it’s highly addictive, codeine)
- Severe pain > Morphine, oxycodone
OSTEOTOMY
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ARTHRODESIS
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BONE TRANSPLANTATION
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