Orthotics Flashcards
What is valgus?
everted in the frontal plane
knock knees
what is varus?
inverted in the frontal plane
bow legs
What is equinus?
plantarflexed position in the sagittal plane
What is a foot orthosis?
a moulded walking base used inside footwear
Name some functions of foot orthoses
re-distribution and reduction of pressures relieve pain improve function correct mobile deformity limit or prevent motion
What is a mobile foot deformity?
the foot can be manipulated into normal alignment
foot orthosis can correct deformity
What is a fixed foot deformity?
the foot cannot be manipulated into normal alignment
foot orthosis to accommodate deformity
How can a valgus or varus deformity be corrected?
manipulate corrected position and hold foot by applying 3 point forces
valgus - medial wedge correction
varus - lateral wedge correction
How can a valgus or varus deformity be accommodated?
accept foot position and accommodate to achieve greater stability
valgus - lateral wedge
varus - medial wedge
How can equinus deformity be corrected?
manipulation ot correct position and use of 3 point forces to hold
ensure knee stability
how can equinus deformity be accommodated?
heel raise
compensatory heel raise may be required in other shoe
knee stability must be maintained
Why might a shoe/heel raise be used?
equinus foot
leg length discrepancy
Why might a shoe wedge be used?
to correct a mobile or accommodate fixed varus/valgus
Why might a shoe flare be used?
to increase stability from a varus/valgus foot
What is the purpose of a rocker sole?
increase stiffness of the sole
increase toe spring
shift GRF posteriorly
What is an AFO?
externally applied device which extends from just below the knee, around the ankle and across the sole of the foot
Describe some potential functions of an AFO
correction of the MSK system maintenance of position assist motion about a joint resist motion about a joint protection improve walking speed and reduce energy expenditure
Name 4 types of AFO
solid
posterior leaf spring
varus/valgus control
jointed AFO
Describe how AFO characteristics can be changed
increasing/decreading material thickness or medial/lateral thickness
changing cross-section shape
adding reinforcements/stiffeners
material choice
What does increasing heel height do?
influences the position of the GRF (higher = more posterior) which can increase or decrease stability
What is a knee orthosis?
externally applied device worn on the leg extension from mid-thigh to mid-calf
Describe the functions of a knee orthosis
relieve pain improve function prevent deformity correct deformity limit or prevent joint motion
Name some reasons for knee orthosis use
OA
post-surgical
ligament injury
mild instability
Why should the deformity be mild if a knee orthosis is to be used?
short lever arms
How many forces are needed to correct knee deformity?
3 - 3 point force
What is a “calliper”
knee ankle foot orthosis
What is a knee ankle foot orthosis
custom made externally applied device worn on the leg extending from thigh to foot
What is the difference between a conventional and a cosmetic calliper
conventional - made from metal and leather, heavy, hard wearing
cosmetic - thermoplastic, lightweight, durable, improved cosmoses
Name some types of knee joints
free - posterior offset for stability
drop locks - gravity drops a ring
manual drop locks - manual drop a ring to lock
semi-auto drop lock - when the knee is extended, a spring activates the ring to lock
bale locks - bar or cord ring lock
polycentric locks - more than one joint centre
spline joints - incremented joint to allow fixed setting
Where is the weight taken in a KAFO?
through side bars (steel or aluminium dural)
What is a HKAFO?
hip knee ankle foot orthosis
a KAFO with a hip joint and pelvic band
reduces likelihood of hip dislocation
What is an example of a HKAFO
hip guidance orthosis
What can be used in combination with a HKAFO when greater trunk stability is required?
spinal support
What are upper limb orthotics? What types are there?
splints or braces for upper limb
finger hand wrist hand elbow elbow wrist hand shoulder
What is the difference between a static or dynamic orthosis?
static - hold wrist/hand in static position and prevents movement at specific joints
dynamic - has springs and moving components - holds in corrected position while allowing active movement at some joints, aids rehab
