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BMSc - mine > Orthotics > Flashcards

Orthotics Flashcards

1
Q

What is orthotics?

A

The science that deal with the use of specialised mechanical devices to support or supplement weakened or abnormal joints or limbs

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2
Q

What is an orthosis?

A

An externally applied device a.k.a brace, splint, or orthotic

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3
Q

Types of lower limb orthotics?

A 
Foot orthosis
Footwear
AFO - Ankle foot orthosis
KO - Knee orthosis
KAFO - Knee ankle foot orthosis
HKAFO - Hip knee ankle foot orthosis
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4
Q

What is valgus, varus and equinus?

A

Valgus - everted position in frontal plane
Varus - inverted position in frontal plane
Equinus - Plantarflexed position in sagittal plane

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5
Q

What is a foot orthosis?

A

A moulded walking base used inside footwear - e.g. insoles and heel cups

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6
Q

What is the function of a foot orthosis?

A 
Redistributes and reduces plantar pressure
Relieves pain
Improves function
Prevents structural deformity
Corrects mobile deformity
Accommodates fixed deformity
Limits or prevents joint motion
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7
Q

What is the difference in a mobile and fixed deformity of the foot?

A

Mobile - the foot can be manipulated back into normal alignment. Foot orthosis is used to correct the deformity

Fixed - The foot cannot be manipulated into normal alignment. Foot orthosis is used to accommodate the deformity

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8
Q

How is a patient assessed for an orthosis?

A

Physical assessment - ROM, muscle powers, sensation, proprioception, circulation, muscle tone
Static and dynamic gait assessment

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9
Q

How is foot valgus corrected with orthosis?

A

Manipulate corrected position and hold foot by applying 3 point forces

Medial wedge on insole or footwear

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10
Q

How is foot valgus accommodated for with orthosis?

A

Accept foot position and use a lateral wedge on insole or footwear to achieve greater stability

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11
Q

How is varus corrected and accommodated for by orthosis?

A

Corrected - lateral wedge

Accommodated - medial wedge

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12
Q

How is equinus corrected using orthosis?

A

Hold foot by applying 3 forces in corrected position. Ensure that the heel is not made unstable

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13
Q

How is equinus accommodated for using orthosis?

A

Heel raise

Contralateral heel raise may be required

Knee hyperextension can occur if equinus is not properly accommodated for

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14
Q

What footwear adaptions are there?

A

Raises - To accommodate for fixed equinus foot or leg length discrepancy

Wedges - To correct mobile or accommodate fixed varus/valgus foot

Flares - To increase stability from varus/valgus foot

Rocker soles - Increase the stiffness of the sole and toe spring. GRF is shifted posteriorly

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15
Q

What is an AFO?

A

Externally applied device which extends form just below the knee, around the ankle and across the sole of the foot

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16
Q

Types of AFO?

A

Solid AFO
Posterior leaf spring AFO (PLS)
Varus/Valgus control AFO
Jointed AFO

17
Q

What is a knee orthosis?

A

Externally applied device that extends from mid-thigh to mid-calf

Common reasons for fitting one include OA, post surgical, ligament injury and mild instability

18
Q

KAFO (a.k.a. Calliper) are externally applied devices worn on the leg from the thigh to the foot. They can be conventional or cosmetic. Key differences between these?

A

Conventional - “Calliper” typically made form metal and leather. Heavy in weight and heard wearing

Cosmetic - Typically made form thermoplastic. Light in weight, durable and improved cosmetics

19
Q

Different types of knee joints?

A

Free knee - no locking mechanism, typically posterior offset to improve stability
Drop locks - when in extension, gravity cause a ring to drop and lock the joint
Manual drop locks - manually move a ring when in extension to lock
Semi-automatic locks - When in extension, the spring activates a ring to lock
Bale locks - Bar or cord activated ring lock joint
Polycentric locks - More than one joint centre
Spline locks - incremented joint to allow fixed setting, can be used in contracture management

20
Q

What is a HKAFO?

A

Basically a KAFO with the addition of a hip joint and pelvic band

21
Q

What is hip guidance orthosis?

A

A type of HKAFO. It consists of bilateral KAFOs linked via specifically designed low friction hip joints. When used in conjunction with crutches, the HGO allows reciprocal ambulation

22
Q

In upper limb orthosis, when are WHOs used?

A

Wrist-hand orthosis are used to prevent contracture development. They hold specific joints in static position

23
Q

When are dynamic upper limb orthoses used?

A

Aids in rehab. Holds arm in corrected position while allowing active movement at specific joints

BMSc - mine (13 decks)

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