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Year 4 > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most sensitive diagnossi for avascular necrosis of the hip

A

MRI of the spine

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2
Q

MRi findings in avascular necrosis of the hip

A

Bilateral joint space narrowinf

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3
Q

What medication can cause avascular necrosis of the hip

A

Steroids

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4
Q

First line investigation for a suspected osteoporotic vertebral fracture

A

X ray of the whole spine

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5
Q

Define a salter-harris (SH) Fracture 1

A

Fracture through physis only (X-Ray normal)

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6
Q

Define SH fracture 2

A

Fracture through physis and metaphysis

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7
Q

Define SH fracture type 3

A

Fracture through physis and epiphyisis to include the joint

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8
Q

Define SH fracture IV

A

Fracture involving physis, metaphysis and epiphysis

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9
Q

Define SH tyep V

A

Crush injury

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10
Q

What initial investigation is done for suspected achilles tendon rupture

A

USS

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11
Q

What is the GOLD standard diagnosis of achilles tendon rupture

A

MRI

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12
Q

What medication can cause dupuytren’s contracture

A

Phenytoin

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13
Q

In the pain arc, what degrees abduction is subacromial impingement sene in

A

60 and 120 degrees

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14
Q

In the pain arc, what degrees are rotator cuff tears typically seen in

A

First 60 degrees

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15
Q

First line management of lower back pain (without red flags)

A

NSAIDS not paracetamol

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16
Q

Signs of a menisceal tetar

A

Joint locking and joint effusions/swelling

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17
Q

What causes menisceal tears

A

Joint twisting

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18
Q

How should suspected scaphoid fractures be managed in A and E

A

Immbolise using futuro splint or standard below elbow backslab before refrral to orthopaedics

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19
Q

First line investigation for suspected scaphoid fractures

A

X-Ray

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20
Q

Management of a scaphoid fracture >1,5 mm displacement

A

Internal fixation

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21
Q

Management of a Scaphoid fracture <0.5 mm displaced

A

6 weeks immobilisation

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22
Q

Complication of scaphoid fractures

A

Avascular necrosis

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23
Q

Causes of a scaphoid fracture

A

Falling onto an outstretched hand or rugby

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24
Q

Signs of a scaphoid fracture

A

Tenderness over anatomical snuffbox

Wrist joint effusion

Tenderness between extensor pollicis longus and brevis

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25
Gold standard of diagnosing a scahpod fracture
MRI
26
What classification is used to grade ankle fractures
Weber Classification
27
Describe the wether classification
Type A - Below syndesmosis Type B - Fracture stards at tibial + involves syndesmosis Type C - Above syndesmosis which might be damaged
28
Management of an ankle fracture
If stable (minimally displaced): weight bearing as tolerated in a boot
29
When shoudl reduction and external fixation be offered for an ankle fracture
If the fracture involved other parts ofthe ankle (not isolated to one)
30
When shoudl reduction and external fixation be offered for an ankle fracture
If the fracture involved other parts ofthe ankle (not isolated to one)
31
Management of an extracapsular fracture
Dynamic hip screw
32
Management of a subtrochanteric fracture
Intramedullary device
33
When is a joint replacement indicated in a hip fracture
If blood supply to the femoral head was involved
34
What are extracapsular femoral fractures also known as
Intertrochanteric femoral fractures
35
What type of fracture is seen in children with a FOOSH
Buckle fracture
36
What movement is affected.limited in adhesive capsulitis
External rotation
37
What is tenosynovitis
Where the sheath containing the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus is inflamed
38
X-Ray findings in a colle's fracture
Transverse fracture to the radius
39
X-Ray findings in a Bennett fracture
Fracture of the thumb base
40
What causes a Bennett fracture
Forced abduction of the first metacarpal
41
What si a Galeazzi fracture
Fracture of teh distal third of the radius
42
Where is a pott's fracture commonly seen
Bimalleolar ankle fracture from forced foot eversion
43
Signs of an anterior shoulder disolcation (most common type of shoulder dislocation)
RIght arm is abducted and externally rotated
44
What knee condition commonly results in haemarthrosis
Dislocated patella
45
What does a straight leg test look for
Sciatic nerve pain
46
Where do osteochondromas typically develop
Distal femur and proximal tibia
47
Where are osteoblastomas typically found
IN the mandible
48
Where are osteoid osteomas typically found
In the tibia
49
Where are osteosarcomas typically found
The femur and Tibia
50
Where are Ewing's Sarcoma typically found
Pelvis and Femur
51
What red flag symptoms require urgent referral to orthopaedics in shoulder pain
1. Sudden inability to raise the arm 2. Shoulder mass or swelling 3. Red, painful joint with fever 4. Signs of dislocation
52
Management of shoulder pain with no red flags
Offer paracetamol FIRST LINE Then NSAIDs
53
Symptoms of Frozen shoulder
Pain worse in bed/at night Gradually improves but stiffness worsens
54
Management of frozen shoulder
Self-limiting - supportive treatment with Paracetamol
55
When are intrarticular steroid injections indicated in frozen shoulder
If there is no improvement in symptoms Then refer to secondary care if it's been over 3 months
56
How many steroid injections can be given in shoudler stiffness
2, 6 weeks apart and then refer.
57
Where should you refer to if acute shoudler dislocation is suspected
Immediately to A&E
58
Symptoms of trochanteric pain syndrome
Chronic hip/thigh/buttock pain taht radiates down the lateral aspect of the knee. Pain is aggravated by pressure on that side of the body
59
Management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome
Supportive management
60
Management of a baker's cyst
USS guided cyst aspiration + steroids
61
What is trigger finger
The tendons are bigger than the tunnels they pass through, causing them to get stuck and cannot unflex
62
Causes of trigger finger
RA DM
63
Diagnosis of compartment syndrome
Intracompartmental pressure of >40 mmHg is diagnostic 20mmHg> is abnormal
64
Indications for a total hip replacement/hemiarthroplasty
If the intracapsular fracture is DISPLACED
65
Management of an undisplaced NOF intracapsular
Cannulated fix screw (internal fixation)
66
What antibiotic can cause achilles tendon rupture
Ciprofloxacin
67
What are posterior shoulder dislocations associated with
Seizures
68
Signs of posterior shoudler dislocation
Internal rotation locked
69
Main cause of an anterior shoulder dislocation
FOOSH
70
Examination findings in posterior cruciate ligament ruptures
The tibia lies back on the femur
71
Management of sciatica
4-6 weeks of physio and nsaids Then refer to neurosurgery if symptoms do not improve
72
What is plantar fasciitis
Heel pain in adults: manage conservatively
73
What is Simmonds' triad
Calf squeeze test Exmaination of angle at declination Palpate the tendon Checks for achilles tendon rupture
74
Symptoms of a Hip Fracture
Shortened leg Externally rotated leg
75
How do we confirm a ligament injury to the knee
MRI
76
Management of a shoulder dislocation
Analgesia, X-Ray and sling -> physio
77
Management of Clavicular fractures
Anatomical reduction and immobilisation with a sling
78
Graft occlusion vs compartment syndrome
Graft occlusion happens over time Both present with the 6Ps
79
Define a simple fracture
Skin is intact
80
Define a communicated fracture
Bone is broken in several places
81
Define a complicated fracture
Bone injury (bone is exposed)
82
What is a pathological fracture
Caused by weakening of the bone due to disease

Year 4 (16 decks)

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