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Year 4 > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most sensitive diagnossi for avascular necrosis of the hip

A

MRI of the spine

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2
Q

MRi findings in avascular necrosis of the hip

A

Bilateral joint space narrowinf

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3
Q

What medication can cause avascular necrosis of the hip

A

Steroids

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4
Q

First line investigation for a suspected osteoporotic vertebral fracture

A

X ray of the whole spine

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5
Q

Define a salter-harris (SH) Fracture 1

A

Fracture through physis only (X-Ray normal)

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6
Q

Define SH fracture 2

A

Fracture through physis and metaphysis

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7
Q

Define SH fracture type 3

A

Fracture through physis and epiphyisis to include the joint

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8
Q

Define SH fracture IV

A

Fracture involving physis, metaphysis and epiphysis

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9
Q

Define SH tyep V

A

Crush injury

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10
Q

What initial investigation is done for suspected achilles tendon rupture

A

USS

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11
Q

What is the GOLD standard diagnosis of achilles tendon rupture

A

MRI

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12
Q

What medication can cause dupuytren’s contracture

A

Phenytoin

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13
Q

In the pain arc, what degrees abduction is subacromial impingement sene in

A

60 and 120 degrees

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14
Q

In the pain arc, what degrees are rotator cuff tears typically seen in

A

First 60 degrees

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15
Q

First line management of lower back pain (without red flags)

A

NSAIDS not paracetamol

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16
Q

Signs of a menisceal tetar

A

Joint locking and joint effusions/swelling

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17
Q

What causes menisceal tears

A

Joint twisting

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18
Q

How should suspected scaphoid fractures be managed in A and E

A

Immbolise using futuro splint or standard below elbow backslab before refrral to orthopaedics

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19
Q

First line investigation for suspected scaphoid fractures

A

X-Ray

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20
Q

Management of a scaphoid fracture >1,5 mm displacement

A

Internal fixation

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21
Q

Management of a Scaphoid fracture <0.5 mm displaced

A

6 weeks immobilisation

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22
Q

Complication of scaphoid fractures

A

Avascular necrosis

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23
Q

Causes of a scaphoid fracture

A

Falling onto an outstretched hand or rugby

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24
Q

Signs of a scaphoid fracture

A

Tenderness over anatomical snuffbox

Wrist joint effusion

Tenderness between extensor pollicis longus and brevis

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25
Q

Gold standard of diagnosing a scahpod fracture

A

MRI

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26
Q

What classification is used to grade ankle fractures

A

Weber Classification

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27
Q

Describe the wether classification

A

Type A - Below syndesmosis

Type B - Fracture stards at tibial + involves syndesmosis

Type C - Above syndesmosis which might be damaged

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28
Q

Management of an ankle fracture

A

If stable (minimally displaced): weight bearing as tolerated in a boot

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29
Q

When shoudl reduction and external fixation be offered for an ankle fracture

A

If the fracture involved other parts ofthe ankle (not isolated to one)

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30
Q

When shoudl reduction and external fixation be offered for an ankle fracture

A

If the fracture involved other parts ofthe ankle (not isolated to one)

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31
Q

Management of an extracapsular fracture

A

Dynamic hip screw

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32
Q

Management of a subtrochanteric fracture

A

Intramedullary device

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33
Q

When is a joint replacement indicated in a hip fracture

A

If blood supply to the femoral head was involved

34
Q

What are extracapsular femoral fractures also known as

A

Intertrochanteric femoral fractures

35
Q

What type of fracture is seen in children with a FOOSH

A

Buckle fracture

36
Q

What movement is affected.limited in adhesive capsulitis

A

External rotation

37
Q

What is tenosynovitis

A

Where the sheath containing the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus is inflamed

38
Q

X-Ray findings in a colle’s fracture

A

Transverse fracture to the radius

39
Q

X-Ray findings in a Bennett fracture

A

Fracture of the thumb base

40
Q

What causes a Bennett fracture

A

Forced abduction of the first metacarpal

41
Q

What si a Galeazzi fracture

A

Fracture of teh distal third of the radius

42
Q

Where is a pott’s fracture commonly seen

A

Bimalleolar ankle fracture from forced foot eversion

43
Q

Signs of an anterior shoulder disolcation (most common type of shoulder dislocation)

A

RIght arm is abducted and externally rotated

44
Q

What knee condition commonly results in haemarthrosis

A

Dislocated patella

45
Q

What does a straight leg test look for

A

Sciatic nerve pain

46
Q

Where do osteochondromas typically develop

A

Distal femur and proximal tibia

47
Q

Where are osteoblastomas typically found

A

IN the mandible

48
Q

Where are osteoid osteomas typically found

A

In the tibia

49
Q

Where are osteosarcomas typically found

A

The femur and Tibia

50
Q

Where are Ewing’s Sarcoma typically found

A

Pelvis and Femur

51
Q

What red flag symptoms require urgent referral to orthopaedics in shoulder pain

A
  1. Sudden inability to raise the arm
  2. Shoulder mass or swelling
  3. Red, painful joint with fever
  4. Signs of dislocation
52
Q

Management of shoulder pain with no red flags

A

Offer paracetamol FIRST LINE

Then NSAIDs

53
Q

Symptoms of Frozen shoulder

A

Pain worse in bed/at night

Gradually improves but stiffness worsens

54
Q

Management of frozen shoulder

A

Self-limiting - supportive treatment with Paracetamol

55
Q

When are intrarticular steroid injections indicated in frozen shoulder

A

If there is no improvement in symptoms

Then refer to secondary care if it’s been over 3 months

56
Q

How many steroid injections can be given in shoudler stiffness

A

2, 6 weeks apart and then refer.

57
Q

Where should you refer to if acute shoudler dislocation is suspected

A

Immediately to A&E

58
Q

Symptoms of trochanteric pain syndrome

A

Chronic hip/thigh/buttock pain taht radiates down the lateral aspect of the knee.

Pain is aggravated by pressure on that side of the body

59
Q

Management of greater trochanteric pain syndrome

A

Supportive management

60
Q

Management of a baker’s cyst

A

USS guided cyst aspiration + steroids

61
Q

What is trigger finger

A

The tendons are bigger than the tunnels they pass through, causing them to get stuck and cannot unflex

62
Q

Causes of trigger finger

A

RA
DM

63
Q

Diagnosis of compartment syndrome

A

Intracompartmental pressure of >40 mmHg is diagnostic

20mmHg> is abnormal

64
Q

Indications for a total hip replacement/hemiarthroplasty

A

If the intracapsular fracture is DISPLACED

65
Q

Management of an undisplaced NOF intracapsular

A

Cannulated fix screw (internal fixation)

66
Q

What antibiotic can cause achilles tendon rupture

A

Ciprofloxacin

67
Q

What are posterior shoulder dislocations associated with

A

Seizures

68
Q

Signs of posterior shoudler dislocation

A

Internal rotation locked

69
Q

Main cause of an anterior shoulder dislocation

A

FOOSH

70
Q

Examination findings in posterior cruciate ligament ruptures

A

The tibia lies back on the femur

71
Q

Management of sciatica

A

4-6 weeks of physio and nsaids

Then refer to neurosurgery if symptoms do not improve

72
Q

What is plantar fasciitis

A

Heel pain in adults: manage conservatively

73
Q

What is Simmonds’ triad

A

Calf squeeze test
Exmaination of angle at declination
Palpate the tendon

Checks for achilles tendon rupture

74
Q

Symptoms of a Hip Fracture

A

Shortened leg

Externally rotated leg

75
Q

How do we confirm a ligament injury to the knee

A

MRI

76
Q

Management of a shoulder dislocation

A

Analgesia, X-Ray and sling -> physio

77
Q

Management of Clavicular fractures

A

Anatomical reduction and immobilisation with a sling

78
Q

Graft occlusion vs compartment syndrome

A

Graft occlusion happens over time

Both present with the 6Ps

79
Q

Define a simple fracture

A

Skin is intact

80
Q

Define a communicated fracture

A

Bone is broken in several places

81
Q

Define a complicated fracture

A

Bone injury (bone is exposed)

82
Q

What is a pathological fracture

A

Caused by weakening of the bone due to disease

Year 4 (16 decks)

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