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Surgery > Orthopaedics > Flashcards

Orthopaedics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

A fracture with intact skin, there is no communication with the external environment

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2
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

type of fracture where there is communication between the fracture site and the external environment due to a breach in the skin

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3
Q

What is a fracture reduction?

A

manipulation of the fracture to restore normal alignment at the fracture site

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4
Q

What are the stages in fracture healing? (5)

A
  1. tissue destruction and haematoma formation
  2. inflammation and cellular proliferation
  3. callus formation
  4. consolidation
  5. remodelling
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5
Q

What is the most common mechanism of injury of a distal radius fracture?

A

Fall onto outstretched hand with wrist in dorsiflexion

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6
Q

What is a colles fracture?

A

extraarticular distal radius fracture with dorsal angulation, dorsal displacement, radial shift and radial shortening

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7
Q

What is a smith’s fracture? (reverse colles’)

A

extra articular fracture with volar angulation, or volar displacement of the hand and distal radius

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8
Q

what are the indications for operative management of a distal radius fracture? (6)

A
  1. intraarticular fracture with more than 2mm displacement
  2. failed closed reduction
  3. significant radial tilt or loss of radial height
  4. smiths fracture
  5. DRUJ instability
  6. open fractures
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9
Q

what are the complications of a distal radius fracture? (5)

A
  1. complex regional pain syndrome
  2. carpal tunnel syndrome
  3. extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture
  4. post-traumatic osteoarthritis
  5. non-union/malunion
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10
Q

What are the risk factors for a hip fracture? (6)

A
  1. female gender
  2. caucasian
  3. osteoporosis/osteopaenia
  4. diabetes mellitus
  5. recurrent falls
  6. tobacco/alcohol use
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11
Q

What are the hip flexor muscles?

A
  1. psoas major
  2. psoas minor
  3. iliacus
  4. pectineus
  5. rectus femoris
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12
Q

What are the hip extensor muscles?

A
  1. gluteus maximus
  2. semitendinosus
  3. semimembranosus
  4. biceps femoris
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13
Q

What are the hip adductor muscles?

A
  1. adductor magnus
  2. adductor longus
  3. adductor brevis
  4. gracilis
  5. pectineus
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14
Q

What are the hip abductor muscles?

A
  1. gluteus medius
  2. tensor fascia latae
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15
Q

What are the internal rotators of the hip?

A
  1. tensor fascia latae
  2. gluteus minimus
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16
Q

What are the external rotators of the hip?

A
  1. gluteus maximus
  2. gemellus superior
  3. gemellus inferior
  4. obturator externus
  5. obturator internus
  6. quadratus femoris
  7. piriformis
17
Q

What does the femoral triangle contain?

A
  1. femoral vein
  2. femoral artery
  3. femoral nerve
18
Q

What is the femoral triangle bordered by?

A
  1. inguinal ligament superiorly
  2. adductor longus medially
  3. sartorius laterally
19
Q

What nerves innervate the hip joint?

A
  1. femoral nerve
  2. obturator nerve
  3. superior gluteal nerve
20
Q

What is the blood supply to the hip joint?

A
  1. medial and lateral circumflex arteries which are branches of the profundis femoris which is a branch of the femoral artery
  2. the foveal artery
21
Q

What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. semimembranosus
  2. biceps femoris
  3. plantaris
  4. gastrocnemius
22
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  1. popliteal artery
  2. popliteal vein
  3. tibial nerve
  4. common fibular nerve - common peroneal nerve
23
Q

What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  1. tibialis anterior
  2. extensor hallucis longus
  3. extensor digitorum longus
  4. peroneus tertius
24
Q

What is the neurovascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  1. deep peroneal nerve
  2. anterior tibial vessels
25
Q

What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A
  1. peroneus longus
  2. peroneus brevis
26
Q

What is the neruovascular supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

superficial peroneal nerve?

27
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment?

A
  1. gastrocnemius
  2. plantaris
  3. soleus
28
Q

What is the nerve supply in the superficial posterior compartment?

A

sural nerve

29
Q

What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment?

A

tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
popliteus

30
Q

what is the neurovascular supply of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve
posterior tibial vessels

Surgery (3 decks)

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