Orthopaedics Flashcards
What is a closed fracture?
A fracture with intact skin, there is no communication with the external environment
What is an open fracture?
type of fracture where there is communication between the fracture site and the external environment due to a breach in the skin
What is a fracture reduction?
manipulation of the fracture to restore normal alignment at the fracture site
What are the stages in fracture healing? (5)
- tissue destruction and haematoma formation
- inflammation and cellular proliferation
- callus formation
- consolidation
- remodelling
What is the most common mechanism of injury of a distal radius fracture?
Fall onto outstretched hand with wrist in dorsiflexion
What is a colles fracture?
extraarticular distal radius fracture with dorsal angulation, dorsal displacement, radial shift and radial shortening
What is a smith’s fracture? (reverse colles’)
extra articular fracture with volar angulation, or volar displacement of the hand and distal radius
what are the indications for operative management of a distal radius fracture? (6)
- intraarticular fracture with more than 2mm displacement
- failed closed reduction
- significant radial tilt or loss of radial height
- smiths fracture
- DRUJ instability
- open fractures
what are the complications of a distal radius fracture? (5)
- complex regional pain syndrome
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture
- post-traumatic osteoarthritis
- non-union/malunion
What are the risk factors for a hip fracture? (6)
- female gender
- caucasian
- osteoporosis/osteopaenia
- diabetes mellitus
- recurrent falls
- tobacco/alcohol use
What are the hip flexor muscles?
- psoas major
- psoas minor
- iliacus
- pectineus
- rectus femoris
What are the hip extensor muscles?
- gluteus maximus
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
What are the hip adductor muscles?
- adductor magnus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
- gracilis
- pectineus
What are the hip abductor muscles?
- gluteus medius
- tensor fascia latae
What are the internal rotators of the hip?
- tensor fascia latae
- gluteus minimus
What are the external rotators of the hip?
- gluteus maximus
- gemellus superior
- gemellus inferior
- obturator externus
- obturator internus
- quadratus femoris
- piriformis
What does the femoral triangle contain?
- femoral vein
- femoral artery
- femoral nerve
What is the femoral triangle bordered by?
- inguinal ligament superiorly
- adductor longus medially
- sartorius laterally
What nerves innervate the hip joint?
- femoral nerve
- obturator nerve
- superior gluteal nerve
What is the blood supply to the hip joint?
- medial and lateral circumflex arteries which are branches of the profundis femoris which is a branch of the femoral artery
- the foveal artery
What are the boundaries of the popliteal fossa?
- semimembranosus
- biceps femoris
- plantaris
- gastrocnemius
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- popliteal artery
- popliteal vein
- tibial nerve
- common fibular nerve - common peroneal nerve
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- peroneus tertius
What is the neurovascular supply of the anterior compartment of the leg?
- deep peroneal nerve
- anterior tibial vessels
What are the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?
- peroneus longus
- peroneus brevis
What is the neruovascular supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?
superficial peroneal nerve?
What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment?
- gastrocnemius
- plantaris
- soleus
What is the nerve supply in the superficial posterior compartment?
sural nerve
What are the muscles of the deep posterior compartment?
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
popliteus
what is the neurovascular supply of the deep posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
posterior tibial vessels
