Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Ortho II > Ortho II: Knee (MCL, LCL, ACL) > Flashcards

Ortho II: Knee (MCL, LCL, ACL) Flashcards

1
Q

What is laxity at the knee?

A

Quantifiable movement of the tibia relative to the femur specific to direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is instability at the knee?

A

Excessive knee joint laxity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is structural instability?

A

Knee instability based on testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is functional instability?

A

Knee instability which adversely affects function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are knee ligament injuries ordered in terms of frequency?

A
  1. MCL
  2. ACL
  3. PCL and LCL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What scale is used to measure laxity?

A

Beighton Index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are ligament injuries graded?

A

Grade 1: Less than 50%
Grade 2: Grater than 50%
Grade 3: Complete tear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are MCL injuries more often contact or non-contact?

A

> 80% are contact injuries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the typical mechanism for a contact MCL injury?

A

Direct blow to lateral knee with foot planted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the typical mechanism for a non-contact MCL injury?
-2 things

A

Valgus force
Rotational force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What injuries are often associated with an MCL injury?
-3 things

A

Meniscus
ACL
PCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why are LCL injuries much less common than MCL injuries?

A

Shielding of inside of the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical mechanism for a LCL injury?

A

Contact with varus force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What other injuries are often associated with an LCL injury?
-4 things

A

PCL
ACL
PLC: Arcuate complex
Common fibular/peroneal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is pain typically located for an MCL injury?

A

Medial knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is pain typically located for an LCL injury?

A

Lateral knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What movement often increases pain for both MCL and LCL injuries?

A

Full knee extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do LCL and or MCL injuries affect stability?

A

Both often lead to feelings of instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the typical presentation of swelling in MCL and or LCL injuries?

A

Both are variable but typically have a gradual onset of swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of nervous system impairments may be present in an MCL and or LCL injury?

A

LCL injury may cause lateral leg tingling if peroneal/fibular nerve injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What gait deviations may be seen in MCL and or LCL injuries?
-4 things

A

Patient wants to keep knee slightly flexed
Early heel contact
Early toe off
Decreased stance time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What motion is typically most limited with MCL and LCL injuries?

A

Extension loss greater than flexion loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is muscle strength typically affected in MCL and or LCL injuries?

A

Minimal loss in both LCL and MCL injuries
(Depends on pre injury strength)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What test is used to assess stability for the MCL and how is it interpreted?
-3 things

A

Valgus stress test at 30 and 0 degrees
30 degrees is primarily MCL
0 degrees is MCL, ACL, PCL, and capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What test is used to assess stability of the LCL and how is it interpreted?
Varus stress test at 30 and 0 degrees 30 degrees is primarily LCL 0 degrees is LCL, ACL, PCL, and capsule
25
What may be found during palpation in the presence of an MCL injury? -3 things
Tenderness at medial joint line Tenderness at tibial attachment of MCL Tenderness at femoral attachment of MCL
26
What may be found during palpation in the presence of an LCL injury? -3 things
Tenderness at lateral joint line Tenderness at tibial attachment of LCL Tenderness at femoral attachment of LCL
27
What is important to consider when palpating for an MCL or LCL injury if the pain is only along the joint line?
Possible meniscus injury
28
What is the timeline for Phase 1 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury?
Week 1 only
29
What should be done in Phase 1 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury?
Pain and swelling control WBAT, crutches. brace at 20-degree flexion (Grade 2 or 3) Mobility exercises Isometric quad and hamstring exercises
30
What is the timeline for Phase 2 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury?
Weeks 2 and 3
31
What should be done in Phase 2 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury? -5 things
Progress to FWB without limp Strengthening: Open and closed chain isotonic Cardio: Stationary cycling, stair climber, swimming Proprioceptive exercise Monitor ROM, pain, and swelling
32
What is the timeline for Phase 3 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury?
Weeks 4-6 or more
33
What should be done in Phase 3 of non-surgical intervention for a grade 1 or 2 collateral ligament injury?
Focus on functional training
34
What are the requirements to return to function following a collateral ligament injury? -4 things
Full ROM Strength at 75-85% of contralateral limb Completion of functional progression Use of bracing: Double upright hinged brace
35
What are the typical times to return for each grade of collateral ligament injury?
Grade 1: 10 days to 2 weeks Grade 2: 3 to 8 weeks Grade 3: 8 to 12 weeks and may require surgery
36
What does research say about the effectiveness of non-operative treatment of collateral ligament injuries?
Studies show successful treatment with non-operative interventions
37
What manual therapy technique has been show to have benefits in treating collateral ligament injuries?
IACFM
38
How often is surgery required for isolated MCL or LCL injuries?
Rarely
39
When is surgery indicated for MCL or LCL injuries?
Avulsion fracture Functional instability Combined ligament injury
40
What is the post op rehab for collateral ligament injuries?
Varies with procedure and surgeon so communicated with MD on protocol
41
What is the annual incidence for ACL injuries?
1 in 3500 people
42
What group of people has the highest incidence for ACL injuries?
15-25 year olds who participate in pivoting sports
43
What percent of ACL tears are non-contact?
70%
44
What are some major risk factors for an ACL injury? -5 things
Increased shoe surface interaction/traction Increased BMI Narrow femoral notch Hyperlaxity Female athlete
45
What are the thoughts behind the sex difference for ACL injury risk and which ones have consensus?
Anatomy: No consensus Hormonal: No consensus Neuromuscular: Consensus
46
What anatomical differences may contribute to a greater risk of ACL injuries in females? -3 things
Greater knee valgus Decreased notch size Smaller ligament
47
What hormonal difference may contribute to a greater risk of ACL injuries in females?
Being in preovulatory phase of cycle
48
What neuromuscular difference may contribute to a greater risk of ACL injuries in females? -3 things
Quad dominance over hamstrings Slower muscle activation Jump mechanics
49
How do females jump mechanics typically differ leading to increased risk of ACL injury? -2 things
Land with knee more extended Land with greater knee valgus
50
What is the typical mechanism of injury in non-contact ACL injuries? -2 things
Rotation of trunk over planted foot Deceleration with knee hyperextension
51
What is the typical mechanism of injury in contact ACL injuries? -3 things
Varus force Valgus force Hyperextension force
52
How might someone explain what happened when they injured their ACL? -3 things
Pop Rapid swelling Sense of knee instablility
53
What can be seen in observation of someone with an ACL injury? -3 things
Knee effusion Hemarthrosis Quad avoidance in gait
54
What can be found during test and measures in someone with an ACL injury? -4 things
Loss of flexion and extension ROM Atherogenic inhibition due to pain or swelling Positive Lachhmans Proprioceptive impairments
55
What structures make up the terrible triad?
ACL MCL Medial meniscus
56
What can an ACL deficient knee often lead to? -4 things
Giving way episodes Intraarticular damage Meniscal tear OA
57
What is a common associated injury with ACL injuries that leads to OA?
Bone bruise in 80%
58
What injuries are associated with an ACL injury? -5 things
MCL injury LCL injury Meniscus injury Articular cartilage injury Bone bruise
59
What are the indications for surgical management of ACL injuries? -4 things
Functional instability Repeated episodes of giving way Desire to return to activity that demands ACL Injury involving multiple structures
60
What are the indications for non-surgical management of an ACL injury? -5 things
Little exposure to high-risk activities >40 years old Prolonged coping with ACL deficiency Severe OA Unwillingness to comply with surgical rehab
61
What should be done in non-surgical managment of an ACL injury? -5 things
Pain control Decrease swelling Mobility exercises Strengthening exercises Bracing Proprioceptive training
62
What structures are used as autografts for ACL reconstructions? -3 things
Semitendinosus BTB patellar tendon Quad tendon
63
What structures are used as allografts for ACL reconstruction? -3 things
Achilles Hamstrings Patellar tendon
64
What is the name and timeline for Phase 1 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions?
Incorporation First 3 weeks
65
What happens in Phase 1 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions? -4 things
Inflammatory response Graft degenerates Fibroblasts die Remaining tissue serves as scaffold
66
What is the name and timeline for Phase 2 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions?
Revascualization Weeks 3-16
67
What happens in Phase 2 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions? -2 things
Ingrowth of capillaries from synovium Migration of host fibroblasts into graft tissue
68
What is the name and timeline for Phase 3 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions?
Graft healing and maturation No timeline
69
What happens in Phase 3 of graft ligamentization for ACL reconstructions?
Graft strength drops to 11% of normal Graft stiffness drops to 13% of normal Increase in collagen content and realignment
70
What are the 3 priority interventions following ACL reconstruction?
Decrease pain and swelling Restore extension ROM Restore quad recruitment
71
How does graft strength compare to the strength of the original ACL following ACL reconstruction?
Starts stronger for 3 months, then weaker until around 9 months
72
When does strain increase the most on ACL grafts?
Quad dominant exercises Near full knee extension High level of muscle contraction
73
For how long in rehab should you avoid high tensile strain on the graft following ACL reconstruction?
8-10 weeks
74
What are some ACL prevention programs that had positive influence on performance and injury rates? -2 things
Sportmetrics (Cincinnati) Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance (PEP)
75
What are the primary techniques used in ACL injury prevention programs? -2 things
Training to avoid vulnerable positions Core and LE strength training
76
What are some vulnerable landings that ACL preventions programs focus on? -3 things
One legged landing Out of control baseline landings Straight leg landings

Ortho II (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions