Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Musculoskeletal > Ortho Fractures > Flashcards

Ortho Fractures Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Ossification, the process of bone tissue formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone replaces cartilage models, contain physis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblasts which form bone (skull bones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Appositional Ossification

A

Osteoblasts deposit new bone on existing bone resulting increased width of bone. Also plays part in proximal bone healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteoprogenator Cell

A

From mesenchymal stem cells that lead to the formation of osteoblasts, cartilage, or fibrous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone by generating organic non-mineralized matrix, produces alkaline phosphatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osteocytes

A

Osteoblasts that have been surrounded by newly formed mtrix and are the living cells of the bone, communicate by canaliculi. Stimulated by calcitonin and inhibited by PTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteoclast

A

Originate from macrophage lineage, have brush border and create Howship’s lacunae. Function to reabsorb bone and inhibited by calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Resting Zone

A

Small scattered condrocytes that store glycogen and proteoglycan for later bone and matrix formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proliferating Zone

A

Chondrocytes stack into lines in direction of bone growth and proliferate and divide. Longitudinal bone growth occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Zone of Hypertrophy

A

Chondrocytes enlarge and responsible for 44-59% of long bone growth. Also MOST COMMON AREA of FRACTURE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes die and matrix calcifies, calcification begins at longitudinal septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Apoptosis

A

Process by which cells undergo programmed cell death and plays role in terminally differentiating chondrocytes by preparing the matrix for calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type 1 Collagen

A

Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type 2 Collagen

A

Cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Function of Calcified Cartilage

A

Remnants of cartilage act as scaffold for osteoid ad diaphyseal vessels invade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mineralization

A

Collagenous matrix is seeded with calcium hydroxyapatite crystals (accretion=crystal growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Bone Cells

A

Osteocytes form when osteoblasts get trapped within newly formed lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Physeal Closure

A

At adulthood skeletal maturity is reached and growth plate becomes solid. Decline in width of physis. Under control of ESTROGEN in both sexes that stops replication of chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ossification Center

A

Location in tissue where ossification begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bipartite Patella

A

Patella that has two ossification centers (Patella exhibits intramembranous ossification)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fracture

A

Break in the integrity of a bone cause by a load/force to the bone that results in decrease in functional capability of the bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fracture Patterns

A

Determined by the type/direction of the force, physical characteristics of bone, and speed of the force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Location of Bone Fracture

A
  1. Epiphyseal
  2. Metaphyseal
  3. Diaphyseal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Transverse Fracture
Perpendicular to long axi
26
Oblique Fracture
Angulated fracture line
27
Spiral
multi-planar break
28
Comminuted
More than two fragments
29
Segmental
Separate segments
30
Intra-articular
Enters joint
31
Naming Direction of Fracture
Always name the direction of the distal fragment
32
Non-displaced Fracture
Bone still in anatomical alingment
33
Displaced
Not in anatomical Alingment
34
Angulated
Fracture has an angle between the fragments
35
Bayonet
Longitudinal overlap of fragments | Ex: causes short leg in tibia fracture
36
Distraction
Gap between fragments
37
Type 1 GA Classification
``` Wound size less than 1 cm Low velocity/energy Minimal soft tissue Damage No crush Little contamination ```
38
Type 2 GA Classification
``` 1-10cm wound High velocity/energy No extensive soft tissue damage Slight to moderate crush Moderate contamination ```
39
Type 3 A GA Classification
``` Wound size greater than 10cm High velocity/energy Extensive soft tissue damage with adequate coverage and no need for flaps No significant vascular injury High contamination ```
40
Type 3 B GA Classification
``` Wound greater than 10cm High velocity/energy Extensive soft tissue damage with periosteal stripping requiring flap covering of bone No vascular injury Massive contamination ```
41
Type 3 C GA Classification
Same exact findings as Type B except they do have vascular injury that requires repair for limb salvage
42
Plastic Deformation
Pediatric classification where there is bending of bone
43
Buckle (torus)
Only one cortex in pediatric bone is involved
44
Greenstick
Crack of one cortex and buckle of opposite cortex
45
Epiphyseal Plate
Most common type of pediatric fracture, usually in Zone of Hypertrophy
46
Apophyseal Plate
Fracture in pediatrics, this area does not add length to bone Ex: tubercles and trochanters
47
Pediatric Skeleton
Bone is more porous then adults. Has higher amounts of cartilage, blood supply, osteoblasts compared to adult bone. Joint injuries uncommon because epiphyseal plate fractures more common and fractures can remodel easily
48
Why are fracture around hip in children so severe?
Devastating due to AVN of femoral head which is not easily fixed in child because they are growing and can't receive hip replacement
49
Tiplane and Tallaux Fractures
Ankle fracture that are intra-articular and require anatomic reduction. Fracture due to asymmetrical growth of tibia growth plate
50
Identifying Child Abuse
Look for fractures in various states of healing
51
S-H Type 1
Widening of epiphyseal plate
52
S-H Type 2
Fracture through plate and Metaphysis
53
S-H Type 3
Fracture through plate and epiphysis
54
S-H Type 4
Fracture through both metaphysis and epiphysis
55
S-H Type 5
Crushed epiphysis leading to fusion and closure of growth plate at early age
56
Stages of Fracture Healing
1) Bleeding- devascularizes and forms hematoma 2) Resorption- osteoclasts and inflammatory response 3) Mesenchymal differentiation into osteo and fibro progenitor cells 4) Callous formation
57
Bone Circulation
Bone receives 5-10% of cardiac output 1) Nutrient artery system 2) Metaphyseal-epiphyseal system 3) Periosteal system (outer third of diaphysis)
58
Bone Repair Stages
1) Hematoma/ inflammatory response 2) Fracture hematoma maturation 3) Conversion of hypertrophic cartilage into bone 4) Bone remodeling
59
Bone Morphogenic Protein
early post-fracture mesenchymal and osteoprogenitor cells facilitate BMP's which convert undifferentiated perivascular mesenchymal cells to form osteoblasts and bone formation
60
TGF-B
Induces mesenchymal cells to produce Type 2 collagen, regulates cartilage and bone formation in fracture callus
61
Fracture Hematoma Maturation (Soft Callus)
Provides progenitor and growth factors for mesenchymal differentiation and endochondral ossification repair
62
Woven Bone (Hard Callus)
Weaker haphazard arrangement of collagen when hypertrophic chondrocytes differentiate and calcify during repair
63
Osteoclastic tunneling
Remodeling of cortical bone (cutting cones)
64
Clastic Resorption
Remodeling cancellous bone followed by blasts laying down new bone
65
Wolff's Law
Bone remodels in response to mechanical stress (ex: edema or hematoma)
66
Piezoelectric Charge
Compression side (neg charge) activates blast and tension side (pos charge) activates clasts
67
Why immobilize a fracture?
The more a fracture is immobilized and brought into proximity of broken ends, the better facilitated repair is and less callus formed - Primary Cortical Healing
68
Delayed Union
Fracture that has not healed in twice the normal healing time
69
Nonunion
Fracture that had not healed in three times the normal healing time (6 months)
70
Atrophic Nonunion
Bone near the fracture becomes pointed with no apparent healing of fracture
71
Hypertrophic nonunion
Bone at fracture site form enormous amounts of bone with no healing
72
Malunion
Fracture that is united with unacceptable angulation, rotation, or shortening
73
Fracture Blisters
Occur in response to increased compartmental pressure
74
Jone's Fracture
Fracture of 5th metatarsal and rarely heals
75
Local Complication of Fractures
Vasculare injury, compartment syndrome, tendon/soft tissue injury
76
Thromboembolism Complication
DVT and PE are at increased risk when patient suffers fracture in long bone of extremities or in pelvis. Decreased immobilization and compliance in these patients increases risk of embolism.
77
Homan's Sign
Sever pain in dorsiflexion of foot for patients with DVT. Also, edema seen distally to obstruction
78
Fat Embolism Syndrome
Microvascular occlusions throughout organs due to embolizing fat. May occur with long bone fractures and bone marrow seeping into blood. usually occurs within 48 hours of break
79
Conditions Associated with Fat Embolism
1) Steroid Therapy 2) Sickle Cell 3) Alcoholic fatty liver
80
Classic Triad Finding of FE
1) Neurological Abnormalities 2) Hypoxemia 3) Petechial Rash
81
Compartment Syndrom
Increased pressure in a compartment due to bleeding, increased cappillary perm, or compression (tight dressing) can lead to compromise of circulation and function of tissue
82
Symptoms of Compartment Syndrome
Pain, Palor, Paresthesias, Pulselessness
83
RSD
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy AKA Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is disruption of autonomic nervous system Type 1: triggered by tissue injury Type 2: Triggered by nerve injury
84
Stages of CRPS
Acute, Dystrophic, Atrophic
85
Pathological Fractures
Bone break in an area weakend by another disease process, usually during normal activity. Treatment must address underlying disease process
86
Stress Fracture
Pathological fracture that is secondary to repeated microtrauma due to repeated stress causing little breaks over and over

Musculoskeletal (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions