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Literatura walijska > Origins of the Welsh literature > Flashcards

Origins of the Welsh literature Flashcards

Earliest Welsh poetry

1
Q

When did Welsh literature begin?

A

6th century

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2
Q

Two essential features of the Welsh literature:

A

antiquity (same themes throught times),
central theme of praise

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3
Q

Explain antiquity as the main feature of Welsh lit.

A

Same themes throughout times

(antiquity)

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4
Q

Explain central theme of praise as the main feature of Welsh lit.

A

Continuity of the central theme of prase & glorifying

later on also in Anglo-Saxon poetry

(central theme of praise)

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5
Q

Often repeated names in Welsh literature

A

Angharad, Rhiannon

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6
Q

“Hengerdd” is composed of two words:

A

Hen - old
Cerdd - song/poem

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7
Q

Welsh lit. is one of the oldest vernacular lits. in Europe

Explain the term vernacular

A

Vernacular -in the language that is native to the region, rather spoken than written, the term usually describes local languages, dialects (distinct from the “standard” lg)

Basically vernacular = local language

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8
Q

Bardic tradition:

A

-ancient
-common to the Celtic ppl
-incorporating Indo-European elements

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9
Q

Two greatest poets in Welsh lit:

A

Talesin (king’s poet)

Aneirin (younger, warriors’ poet)

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10
Q

Earliest Welsh literature:

A

Early heroic poetry (epic tales)

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11
Q

Two stages of the early heroic poetry:

A

Heroic age, The Old North

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12
Q

When did the heroic age take place?

A

In the post-Roman Britain
(400-650 AD), max 1000

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13
Q

The heroic age also includes:

A

The Age of saints (where most important Irish & Welsh stories of saints were written down)

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14
Q

What caused the decline of heroic literature?

A

The decline began in the 7 th century -Celts were constantly being defeated by Sexons (nothing to boast about)

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15
Q

What came after the Heroic age?

A

The Old North (Yr Hen Ogledd)

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16
Q

Characterise the Old North

A

-earliest Welsh poetry linguistically (not geographically)
-The Old North = Cumbria = the lake district

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17
Q

Kingdoms in the Old North:

A

-Gododdin (centre at Edinburgh)
-Rheged (Solway estuary)
-Strathclyde = Ystrad Clud (Clyde estuary)

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18
Q

Which Old North kingdom survived the longest?

A

Strathclyde (Ystrad Clud)
-Clyde estetuary

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19
Q

Explain Cumbric

A

Cumbric was closely related ot Welsh, died out in the 12 th century

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20
Q

Heroic poetry is also called…

A

Praise poetry

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21
Q

What’s a panegyric?

A

Panegyric is a formal public speech (later written verse) of high praise, highly studied. Only by educated people, hard to write

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22
Q

What’s an eulogy?

A

Eulogy is a speech/writing in praise of a person/thing especially after one’s death (nowadays: funeral services). They can also praise a living person (on birthdays etc.), could have criticisms (+funny remarks)

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23
Q

What’s an elegy?

A

Elegies are written in tribute to the dead, cannot be in any way critical

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24
Q

Elegy in Welsh:

A

Marwnad

Marw - dead

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25
Q

Difference in between eulogy and elegy

A

Euology can praise a living person and be slightly critical.
Elegy is only about dead people +nice:)

26
Q

Who came first, Talesin or Aneirin?

A

Talesin

27
Q

Where were both Talesin & Aneirin named?
(book)

A

Nennius’
“Historia Brittonum”

28
Q

When did Talesin flourish?

A

late 6th century

29
Q

Dzieła powiązane z Taliesinem (3):

A

-“Llyfr Taliesin” (the book of..)
-“Canu Taliesin” (poem)
-“Hanes Taliesin” (history of..)

30
Q

What was Llyfr Taliesin?

A

Llyfr Taliesin brings together all his poems (12), it was passed down for 8 centuries (written in 14th.c.) Also includes other various poems
(manuskrypt)

(The book of Taliesin)

31
Q

What was Canu Taliesin?

A

It was preserved in the Llyfr Taliesin (14th c.), 12 poems of the late 6th century:
A Panegyric to a king of Powys

32
Q

What was Hanes Taliesin?

A

Opowiadanie mitologiczne (not the same guy)
-shows Taliesin more as like a magician, not a poet: highly mythological, reincarnation, he’s the son of a goddess, prophet etc.
Written 9/10 c.

33
Q

Who was the ideal ruler in Taliesin’s poetry?

A

Urien (of) Rheged

34
Q

Taliesin’s poetry:
The ideal is two-fold in a leader…

A

A leader must become balanced between ferocity (leading warriors & winning) and generosity towards his people

35
Q

What was the principal function of the court poet?

A

To compose an elegy (marwnad) on the death of his lord
-“Death song of Owen ab Urien” -Taliesin

36
Q

Mnemotechnic means……..

A

Repetition of the same constonants, makes it easier to repeat & remember, rhymes

37
Q

Alliteration -meaning:

A

Repeating the same sound at the beginning of several words in close successions
(assonance / consonance)

38
Q

Cechy poezji Taliesina:

A

-poems are short, concision of style, taut phraseology
-no plot (only discriptions), visual details, kind of like a war report
-internal & external rhyme

39
Q

When did Aneirin (Neirin) flourish?

A

Latter part of the 6th century (younger than Taliesin)

40
Q

What differenciates Taliesin’s & Aneirin’s subject topics?

A

Taliesin wrote about a king/kings
Aneirin wrote about warriors

41
Q

Aneirin’s poem:

A

Y Gododdin

42
Q

Where is Y Gogoggin preserved?

A

In the Book of Aneirin (Llywr Aneirin)
-c. 1265

43
Q

Describe Y Gododdin by Aneirin:

A

loose form, 1000 lines, short rhyming stanzas (zwrotki) -each one is a seperate unit, shifting perspectives of the same battle, no proper story, inner & end rhyme

44
Q

How do we call early poets in Welsh literature?

A

Cynfeirdd

cyn -before, beirdd - bard

45
Q

What happened in the 8th century?

A

No Welsh literature -nothing to boast about (no heroic poetry found)

46
Q

Canu Taliesin is a part of…

A

Llyfr Taliesin

47
Q

Cynghanned

A

Harmony, sound-chiming within a verse, alliteration, fully developed in the 12th century

48
Q

Taliesin’s panagyric:

A

“Urien Yrechwydd”

49
Q

Explain “Urien Yrechwydd” by Taliesin

A

A panagyric, about the Urien of Rheged, king of kings, pagan elements, though Urien is Christian

50
Q

Taliesin’s elegy:

A

“Marwnad Owain”

51
Q

Explain “Marwnad Owain”:

A

Elegy of Owain (Urien’s son), great warrior, invoction to God, English are worthy opponents (unusual)

52
Q

Two Taliesin’s poems that escribe battles:

A

Gwaith Argoed Llyfain,
Gwaith Gwen Ystrad

53
Q

Pan-Celtic idea is…

A

The idea that all Celts should come together against the English

54
Q

What did Aneirin write?

A

“Y Gododdin”

55
Q

What was “Gododdin”?

A

Tribe, kingdom and the battle that took place there

56
Q

Explain “Y Gododdin” by Aneirin:

A

Describes a battle (probably Edinburgh), feast, mead, fight until victory or death, HEROIC POETRY, praise elements

57
Q

“Armes Prydein Vawr” -explain:

A

annonymous, but included in Llyfr Taliesin, 10th century, political propaganda, prophecy poem

58
Q

“Edmyg Dinbych” -explain:

A

annonymous, but included in Llyfr Taliesin, mentions magical manuscripts

59
Q

“Pais Dynogad” -explain:

A

a lullaby sung by Dynogad’s mom

60
Q

What were the old bards called?

A

Cynfeirdd

61
Q

Name a panagyric:

A

Taliesin’s “Urien Yrechwydd”

62
Q

Name an elegy:

A

Taliesin’s “Marwnad Owain”

Literatura walijska (5 decks)

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