Origins Of Psychology Flashcards
What was the original idea that explained Psychology?
The 4 Humours
Who was the first person to call themselves a Psychologist?
Wilhelm Wundt (1888)
What did Wundt study?
He studied behaviour because it could be controlled under experimental conditions
What did Wundt aim to do?
Study the structure of the human mind and establish basic elements of sensation and perception.
What was his approach known as?
Structuralism
What is Introspection?
The process by which the person gains knowledge about their own mental states
What did Wundt think would happen if you trained in Introspection?
It would result in the ability to systematically observe mental processes such as memory and perception as they occurred.
What makes us different to animals?
We have an Conscience
When was Scientific Psychology born?
At the end of the 19th Century
What caused the born of Scientific Psychology?
Empiricism
What is Empiricism?
Having evidence before experiencing something
What did Wundt and his followers put into practice?
That all knowledge comes from observation and experience.
Scientific psychology is based on 2 assumptions. What are those 2 assumptions?
All behaviour is caused and all behaviour is predictable.
The Empiricism technique is used to explore which assumptions?
Objective.
Systematic.
Replicable.
Objective
Assumptions and biased do not influence data collection
Systematic
Variables are identified, controlled and accurate measures are made
Replicable
Researchers can repeat the test to gain the same result.
What is Cognitive Theory?
It’s an approach that explains human behaviour and how the mind works
What methods are used in Cognitive Theory?
Attention
Language
Memory
Perception
What are the three research methods do psychologists use?
Laboratory
Field
Natural
What is the Laboratory research method?
A research method which happens in a lab.
What is the Field research method?
Where you study someone in an environment that they are comfortable in.
What is the Natural research method?
Experiments which take place where the psychologist has no control of the variables of the experiment but gets the most natural results.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The Man who was doing an experiment about how much saliva dogs produced when they started to associate a bell with them being brought food.
What was the results of Ivan Pavov’s experiment?
Whenever he rang the bell, the dogs started to produce saliva
What is Operant Conditoning?
Operant conditioning is where a human or animal learns through an active process
Who is BF Skinner?
Skinner was a scientist who did the experiment called the Skinners Box
What are the three types of consequences to behaviour?
Positive reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Punishment
What is positive reinforcement?
Being rewarded for a certain type of behaviour
What is Negative reinforcement?
Behaviour to avoid something unpleasant
What is Punishment?
An unpleasant consequence
1 strengths of Operant Conditioning.
- It explains a wide range of phenomena, such as learning languages and phobias.
1 weaknesses of Operant Conditioning.
- Does not work for everyone
What is Social Learning Theory?
Social Learning Theory was a theory that Bandura came up with saying that people learn from each other.
What is Social Learning Theory known as?
The bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning theory’s.
What is a model?
Someone who does something and someone else copy’s it.
What are the different types of model?
Live model and Symbolic model
What is a live model?
Parent
Teacher
What is a Symbolic Model?
Media
Tv charecter
What is Vicarious Reinforcement?
Individuals learn about the likely consequences of an action and then adjust their subsequent behaviour accordingly.
Before Conditioning
UCS=UCR
unconditioned Stimulus = unconditioned response
During conditioning
UCS+NS=UCR
unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus = unconditioned response
After conditioning
CS=CR
Conditioned stimulus = conditioned response
What ages were the children that were used in the Bono Doll Experiment?
3 to 5
What were the aims of the Bono Doll Experiment?
To see if the children copied what the adults did after watching them (Social Influence)
What happened in the Bono Doll Experiment?
Adults went into a room and beat up the Bobo doll while children watched. They were then put into the room and the children that had watched the adult beat up the doll then copied their actions
What did the children that hadn’t watched the adult beat up the Bobo doll do?
They played with the objects in the room and got bored
Who are the three main people in learning approaches?
Ivan Pavlov: clinical conditioning
Albert Bandura: The Bobo Doll Experiment
BF Skinner: Operant Conditioning
What did Ivan Pavlov to do?
The dog Saliva Clinical Conditioning Test
What did BF Skinner do?
The Operant Approach through the Skinners box
What did Albert Bandura do?
The Bobo Doll Experiment
