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Physical Anthropology > Origins of Evolutionary Thought > Flashcards

Origins of Evolutionary Thought Flashcards

1
Q

“Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution.”

A
  • Theodosius Dobzhansky
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2
Q

All-powerful

A

omnipotent

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3
Q

All-knowing

A

omniscient

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4
Q

Doesn’t make mistakes

A

infallible and unchangeable

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5
Q

The biblical account of creation

A

Genesis 1

(land animals and human beings on Day 6)

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6
Q

The Great Chain of Being aka Scala Naturae

A

The prevailing view of the hierarchical organization of the natural world in medieval Europe

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7
Q

The prevailing thoughts of the time period…

A
  • God is all powerful, all-knowing, infallible
  • God is perfect and all His works are perfect
  • Creation happened once
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8
Q

Fixity of Species concept

A

The number of different kinds of things on Earth are fixed

Their “ranking” does not change

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9
Q

Who was the first to challenge the Great Chain of Being?

A

Carl Linnaeus

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10
Q

Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae (1735)

A

System to organize the natural world
- Systema listed all “types” of life on Earth, grouped them in hierarchical organization, and described their qualities
- Introduced concept of taxonomy
- HOWEVER, he placed humans in a category with other animals! (Anthropomorpha)

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11
Q

Taxonomy

A

A branch of biology concerned with classification of life on Earth

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12
Q

What was Linnaeu’s motivation for creating Systema?

A

Religious; to honor God’s perfect creation and glimpse into God’s mind
- he believed that species were fixed…

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13
Q

Linnaeus was the Father of what?

A

Father of TAXONOMY

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14
Q

Systema established the taxonomic practices we still use today

A
  • hierarchical system
  • binomial nomenclature
  • typology in biology (essentialism)
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15
Q

Hierarchical organization

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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16
Q

Buffon

A

Histoire Naturelle (1749) deviated from biblical account of creation
- Degeneration theory proposed minor improvements/degenerations (deviations from original life forms)
- argued for old Earth

17
Q

Georges Cuvier

A
  • Established extinction as a scientific fact
  • Proposed the idea of Catastrophism
  • But did NOT believe that one species could change into another
18
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

A

Proposed that new species could originate by natural processes!

19
Q

Lamarckian evolution

A

This is the FIRST fully-articulated theory of evolution!
- his theory was driven by two forces

20
Q

What two forces was Lamarckian evolution driven by?

A

1.) Complexifying force
2.) Adaptive force

21
Q

Adaptive force

A

Giraffes example
- original short-necked ancestor
- keeps stretching neck to reach leaves higher up on tree
- stretching until neck becomes progressively longer (concept of use vs. misuse)

  • inheritance of acquired characteristics
22
Q

Lamarck’s Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

First mechanism proposed to explain fit between organism and environment

23
Q

Complexifying force

A

Organisms get more complex over time

  • idea of transmutation
24
Q

Transmutation (Lamarck)

A

The idea that a species, as a whole, could change into another, more complex, species

25
Q

Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire

A

French botanist working at Museum d’Histoire Naturelle

26
Q

Erasmus Darwin

A

First British naturalist to write about evolution

27
Q

Robert Grant

A

Physician and naturalist who trained at Edinburgh University

28
Q

Hutton and Lyell

A

Geology!
- led to the belief that Earth was much older than people had originally thought

29
Q

Hutton

A

“Father of Geology”
- concerning the System of the Earth, its Duration and Stability (1785)
~ land today was sea floor in the past
~ timeless and cyclical nature of geology

30
Q

Lyell

A

Principles of Geology (1830)
- uniformitarianism

31
Q

Humans everywhere, ever since the start of humans, have been interested in these questions…

A

How did the world come to be?
How did we come to be?

32
Q

In Medieval Europe, the prevailing framework to answer these questions are based on what?

A
  • ideas about the nature of God
  • the creation account in Genesis
    ~ Scala Naturae and Fixity of Species concepts come from this framework

Physical Anthropology (18 decks)

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