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Physical Anthropology > Cell Biology Basics > Flashcards

Cell Biology Basics Flashcards

1
Q

A typical animal cells is what type of cell?

A

Somatic

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2
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Molecular made of nucleotides

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3
Q

Nucleotide components

A

1.) Sugar-phosphate backbone
2.) Base (A, T, C, G)

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4
Q

Who was the first to discover DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

Wilkins, working on DNA structure at King’s College

BUT Watson and Crick received all the credit (working on DNA structure at Cambridge)

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5
Q

Chromatin and condensed chromosomes structure

A

Chromatin wraps around histones and condenses to form chromosomes

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)
- 23 from mother
- 23 from father

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6
Q

What are the two main functions of DNA?

A

1.) Protein synthesis
2.) Replication

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7
Q

Somatic cells

A

Diploid in nature
- A cell that contains two copies of the genome (46 chromosomes)

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8
Q

Gamete cells

A

Haploid in nature
- A cell that contains one copy of the genome (23 chromosomes)

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Process of replicating somatic cells

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

Process of replicating gametes

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11
Q

Before cell division can take place, what must happen?

A

DNA in the nucleus is doubled

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12
Q

Outcome of mitosis

A

Daughter cells have the same amount of genetic information as starting cell
- each daughter cell has the complete amount of genetic material– 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total)

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13
Q

Outcome of meiosis

A

Daughter cells have only have the genetic information; this information is shuffled up into new combinations

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14
Q

T/F Eggs bring all the organelles and cytoplasm

A

True

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15
Q

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) comes only from mother

A

Nuclear DNA

IF a Y chromosome is present, the sperm contributed it

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16
Q

Y chromsome is short

A
  • males have only one allele from some traits on X
  • males will show recessive phenotypes more frequently
17
Q

Mutations

A

Errors that occur during DNA replication and cell division

18
Q

Mutation

A
  • original source for all the genetic variation that exists in our species
  • mutations not necessarily bad
    (Mutations can be detrimental, beneficial, detrimental in some environments but beneficial in others, and can be neutral in effect)
  • effect of a mutation depends on when and where it occurs
19
Q

Mutations that occur during mitosis

A

Will NOT be passed on

20
Q

Mutations that occur during meiosis

A

HERITABLE

21
Q

Mutations in coding vs. noncoding regions of the genome

A

Only coding regions will show up in phenotype

22
Q

Transcription and translation

A

the process of turning DNA into proteins

23
Q

Transcription

A

Happens in the nucleus

24
Q

Translation

A

Happens in the cytoplasm

25
Q

Flow of protein synthesis

A

Amino acid –> Polypeptide chain –> protein

26
Q

Protein

A

A chain of amino acids (and other stuff) that does stuff in a cell
- folds up into a specific shape
- shape=function

27
Q

Maintain structure

A

Collagen

28
Q

Move stuff around

A

Hemoglobin

29
Q

Break stuff down

A

Enzymes

30
Q

Alter tissues

A

Hormones

31
Q

Gene

A

A DNA sequence that codes for a functional RNA product (not including spliced out introns)

32
Q

Alternative splicing

A

A given DNA sequence can make multiple mature mRNA sequences and thus multiple different proteins

33
Q

Gene expression controls what?

A

Cell specialization
- Regulatory genes control gene expression

34
Q

When a sequence of DNA is undergoing the process of transcription and translation…

A

A gene is being expressed

35
Q

Gene expression can be… in different cells at different times

A

“turned on” or “turned off”

36
Q

What is crossing over/recombination?

A

The exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis). This trading of genetic material creates unique chromosomes that contain new combinations of alleles

Physical Anthropology (18 decks)

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