Origin of the Universe Flashcards
study of the earth, its composition, structure, history and the processes that shaped the earth of the past and those that would continue to mold the earth of the present.
Geology
What is the two broad areas under geology?
Physical Geology an Historical Geology
examines the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface.
Physical Geology
is to understand the origin of Earth and its development through time. Thus, it strives to establish a chronological arrangement of the multitude of physical and biological changes that have occurred in the geologic past.
Historical Geology
What are the branches under physical geology?
Volcanology, Seismology, Environmental Geology, Engineering Geology, Mining Geology, Petroleum Geology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Seismology, Geomorphology, Geophysics, Geochemistry, Planetary Geology
What are the branches under Historical geology?
Paleontology, Stratigraphy, Geochronology
he totality of space and time – past, present, and future
The Universe
An enormous collection of heavenly bodies held together by gravitational attraction.
Galaxies
The distance travelled by light in one year.
Light year
What is the Speed of Light
3x10^5 km/sec
1 light year is equivalent to _________.
9.4x10^12 km
Is there a pre-existing universe before the Big Bang?
There is no “Before the Big Bang”, for without space, there can be no time.
A realization way back in the 1920s that the universe changes with time, this is measured through the _______________ of a large sample of galaxies became available.
Redshifts
When galaxies attract each other because of their gravity. If they were initially stationary, they would inevitably begin to move closer together and eventually collide, leading to the creation of a ___________________.
Universe
What are the two evidences of the Big Bang Theory?
- The Universe is Expanding (Red Shift)
- It is permeated by a background radiation.
Evidences:
When astronomers look beyond our own solar system, they observe that everywhere in the universe galaxies are _________ _________ from each other at tremendous speeds.
Moving away
Who first recognized the expansion of the universe by measuring the optical spectra of distant galaxies. He also stated that the veloccity in which a galaxy moves away from Earth increases proportionally to its distance on Earth.
Edwin Hubble
the spectral lines (wavelengths of light) of the galaxies are shifted toward the _________ color end of the spectrum; that is, the lines are shifted toward longer wavelengths. Galaxies receding from each other at tremendous speeds would produce such a __________ shift .
Red
the farther away objects are from Earth, the faster they are moving away from us. This became known as ____________ ____________.
Hubble’s Law
It allowed astronomers to calculate how long ago galaxies started moving apart, which provides an estimate of when the Big Bang occurred and how old the Universe is.
Hubble’s Law
The best estimate of the Universe’s age?
13.7 Billion Years Old
When a star is stationary relative to an observer, the light produced looks the same no matter what what direction it is seen from. Our sun is a good example of a star that is not moving much nearer or farther from the Earth.
Doppler Effect
When a star moves away from us, it runs away from the light it emits in our direction. Then makes the light waves we see expand. Because the wavelenghts are longer than usual, the light shift towards the Red side of the spectrum.
Red Shift
When a star moves towards us, it starts to catch up to the light it emits in our direction. This makes the light waves we see contract. Because the wavelenghts are shorter than usual, the light shifts towards the blue side of the spectrum.
Blue shift
Evidences:
Who are the two people from Bell Telephone Laboratories that made the 2nd important observation that provided evidence of the big bang?
Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson
Evidences:
The discovered pervasive background radiation of ________ temperature above absolute zero that can be observed everywhere in the universe.
2.7 Kelvin
This said background radiation is thought to be the fading afterglow of the Big bang.
Pervasive Background Radiation/Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
One such theory, concerning the future of the universe, is playfully known as the _________________. According to this theory, the universe will one day stop expanding. Then, as gravity pulls on the matter, the universe will begin to contract, falling inward until it has collapsed back into a super-hot, super-dense singularity. If the theory holds true, the universe is like a giant soufflé. It starts out small, then expands as it heats up. Eventually, however, the soufflé cools and begins to collapse.
Big Crunch Theory
The most common theory of the aftermath of the Big Crunch.
A new Big Bang
The Big Bang Theory states that the expansion of the universe is ___________?
Infinite
The Big Crunch Theory that the expansion of the Universe is ______________.
Finite or Has a Maximum Expansion
The revolutionary discovery that led to the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics.
The Accelerating Universe
True or False:
The accelerating universe stated that researchers’ found such type of la supernovae in distant galaxies were BRIGHTER than expected from Hubble’s Law, given the measured redshifts of their host galaxies.
False, they were fainter.
True or False:
The distances measured from the supernovae used as standard bulbs disagreed with the distance measured from Hubble’s Law
True
True or False:
If the universe was decelerating, we would expect farther away supernovae to be brighter than expected.
True
True or False:
During the first second following the Big Bang, there are five basic forces.
False, there were only four.
Enumerate the four forces present in the first second after the big bang.
Gravity, Electromagnetic Force, Strong Nuclear Force, Weak Nuclear Force
The attraction of one body to another.
Gravity
The combination of electricity and magnetism into one force and binds atoms into molecules.
Electromagnetic Force
The binding of Protons and Neutrons together.
Strong Nuclear Force
The force responsible to the breakdown of an atom’s nucleus, producing radioactive decay.
Weak Nuclear Force
The temperature of the universe the first second after the Big Bang.
> 10 Billion Kelvin
True or False:
By the end of the first three minutes following the big bang, the universe was cool enough, that almost all nuclear reactions had ceased.
True
The temperature of the universe when it was 30 minutes old.
100 Million Kelvin
True or False:
The nuclear reactions after the first 30 minutes following the Big Bang are still continuous.
False, all nuclear reactions has ceased.
The first elements that comprised almost entirely of the Universe’s mass are ____________ and _____________.
Hydrogen and Helium
True or False:
As the universe continued expanding and cooling, stars and galaxies began to form and the chemical makeup of the universe changed.
True
The initial composition of the universe was ________% Hydrogen and ___________% Helium.
76% Hydrogen and 24% Helium
In the present times, the universe is consist of ___________% Hydrogen, ____________% Helium, and _____________% all other elements by weight.
70% Hydrogen, 28% Helium, and 2% All Other Elements
_____________ is the religious belief that the universe and life originated “from specific acts of divine creation”, as opposed to the scientific conclusion that they came about through natural processes.
Creationism
True or False:
The first use of the term “creationist” to describe a proponent of creationism is found in an 1857 letter of Charles Darwin describing those who objected on religious grounds to the then emerging science of evolution.
False, it was in 1856.
The basis for many creationists’ beliefs is a literal or quasi-literal interpretation of the __________ _____________.
Old Testament
The basis of creationism stemmed from the book in the Old Testament named __________.
Genesis
