Origin Development of Organ System Flashcards
This is the term of the zygote cells during the first 4 days of life. They are undifferentiated and can grow into any cells in the human body. They are a single cells than can develop the human body during growth.
Totipotent stem cells
In another 4 days, structure implants become an embryo and cells show differentiation and lose ability to become any body cell. the cells go to specific body cells.(nerve, brain etc.)
Pluripotent stem cells
stem cells grow so specific after few days. they cannot be setters form a particular body organ such as spleen liver or brain.
multipotent stem cells
The direction of the zygote as soon as conception starts. Head, middle (cardio), lower parts of the body.
Cephalocaudal
Outer laver of the cell. forms exoskeleton
Ectoderm (CNS, PNS, sense organs, mucous membranes of anus, mouth and nose, mammary glands)
Middle layer of the cells. develop into organs
Mesoderm (Supporting structure of the body, upper part of the urinary system, reproductive system, heart, lymph, circulatory system, and blood cells)
Inner layer of the cells. Form the inner lining of organs.
Endoderm (Lining of pericardial, pleura and peritoneal cavities, lining of the GI tract, respi tract, tonsils, parathyroid tract, thyroid tract, thymus glands, lower urinary system)
Normal duration of pregnancy
9 months or 38-42 weeks. 37 is early but normal. 266 - 280 days
Born after duration
post term
Has a total of 28 days or period of 4 weeks
Lunar month (4 weeks = 1 lunar month)
30 to 31 days except February
calendar month
8 weeks gestation (the end of the embryonic period)
All organs are complete at least in rudimentary form
Formation of the organs
Organogenesis
Its invasion causes the growing structure to be vulnerable during the early time of pregnancy or organogenesis. esp the 1st trimester
Teratogens
Examples of factors that affects the fertilized ovum, embryo or fetus are:
teratogenic medicine, an infection such as toxoplasmosis, cigarettes’ smoking; or alcohol ingestion.
Is one of the first systems to be functional in the intrauterine life.
Cardiovascular system
Joined to walls of the yolk sac progress to become a network of blood vessels and a single heart tube
Simple blood cells
When do heart tube (heart) formed and when will it beat
It will form on he 16th day of life and will beat on the 24th day of pregnancy.
When do the septum that divide the chambers of the heart form?
6th or 7th week of pregnancy
When do the heart valves form?
7th week of pregnancy
When can we hear the heartbeat of the fetus and what instrument is used?
10th - 12th week of pregnancy with the Doppler.
what will happen after the 28th week of the pregnancy when the sympathetic nervous system has matured?
the heart rate stabilizes and begins to show consistent beat of normal fetal heart rate.
What is the normal fetal heart rate?
110-160 bpm
Is hemoglobin concentrated
Yes
Newborn’s hemoglobin level
17.1g/100 ml higher than normal adult
Normal adult hemoglobin level
11g/100ml
Newborn hematocrit
53%
Normal adult hematocrit
45%
Female normal hemoglobin
12 - 14g
Male normal hemoglobin
14 - 16g
When will the fetal hemoglobin mature into adult hemoglobin?
6 month of age
When do spontaneous respiratory practice movements begin?
3 months gestation and continue throughout pregnancy.
a phospholipid substance, is formed and excreted by the alveolar cells of the lungs
Surfactant
When will the surfactant begins to excrete in alveolar cells?
24th week of pregnancy
This decreases alveolar surface tension on expiration, preventing alveolar collapse and improving the infant’s ability to maintain respirations in the outside environment at birth.
Surfactant
end part of the lungs where surfactant is formed
alveoli
Two component of surfactant
Lecithin and sphingomyelin (LS ratio)
What is the chief component during early formation of surfactant
sphingomyelin
The chief component by 2:1 ratio at about 35 weeks of pregnancy
Lecithin
Where do all part of the brain form
Utero
Brain growth continues at high levels until what age?
5 or 6
When can brain wave be detected and by what instrument
At 8th week by Electroencephalogram (ECG)
At this week the ear is capable of responding to sound and the eyes exhibit a pupillary reaction, indicating sight is present.
24th week
produces insulin needed by the fetus
fetal pancreas
is one of the few substances that does not cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus
insulin
play vital roles in fetal metabolic function and calcium balance.
thyroid and parathyroid glands
supply a precursor necessary for estrogen synthesis by the placenta.
Fetal adrenal glands
a collection of cellular wastes, bile, fats, mucoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and portions of vernix caseosa accumulates in the intestines and what week
Meconium - 16th week of pregnancy
lubricating substances that forms on the fetal skin)
vernix caseosa
is sticky in consistency and appears black or dark green (obtaining its color from bile pigment)
Meconium
recording that a newborn has passed meconium as this rules out a stricture (non canalization) of the anus.
important neonatal nursing responsibility
Is GI tract sterile before birth?
YES
necessary for blood clotting, is synthesized by the action of bacteria in the intestines therefore GI tract is sterile
Vitamin K
necessary for blood clotting, is synthesized by the action of bacteria in the intestines therefore GI tract is sterile
Vitamin K
are almost nonexistent in a fetus and are still low in a newborn and is routinely administered intramuscularly at birth.
Vitamin K levels
when will the sucking and swallowing reflexes mature
when fetus is about 32 weeks of gestation or weighs 1,500 g
active throughout intrauterine life, functioning as a filter between the incoming blood and fetal circulation and as a deposit site of fetal stores such as iron and glycogen.
Liver
two serious problems that occur in the fetus 24 hrs after birth because although active, liver function is still immature
Hypoglycemia & hyperbilirubinemia
if increased the skin will be yellowish.
Bilirubin
When can fetus be seen moving through ultrasonography
11th week
When will the quickening start
20 weeks of gestation
First fetal movement
quickening
by chromosomal analysis or analysis of fetal cells in the mother’s bloodstream week will the child sex be ascertained
8 weeks
form in the abdominal cavity and do not descend into the scrotal sac
Testes (cryptorchidism)
when will the testes descend in the scrotal sac?
34th to 38th week of intrauterine life
require surgery as they are associated with poor sperm production and possibly testicular cancer later in life.
cryptorchidism
clears the fetus of waste products therefore the presence of kidneys does not appear to be essential for life before birth
Placenta
When is the urine formed
12th week
when is the urine excreted into the amniotic fluid
16th week of gestation
At term, fetal urine is being secreted at a rate of up to?
500 ml/day
An amount of amniotic fluid less than usual suggest fetal kidneys, ureter, or bladder disorder.
oligohydramnios
Normal amniotic fluid
800 - 1,200? ml/day
more than normal amniotic fluid
Polyhydramnios
The skin of a fetus appears thin and almost translucent until —— begins to be deposited underneath it at about ——-.
Subcutaneous fats, 36 weeks
soft downy hair that serve as insulation to preserve warmth in utero
lanugo
a cream cheese-like substance which is important for lubrication and for keeping the skin from macerating in utero.
vernix caseosa
—– G maternal antibodies cross the placenta into the fetus as early as the —– and certainly by the —– of intrauterine life.
Immunoglobulin, 20th week, 24th week
give a fetus temporary passive immunity against diseases for which the mother has antibodies.
immunoglobulin
