Organs and Systems Flashcards
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘v’
Ventricle
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘v’ and ‘c’
Vena Cava
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘va’
Valve
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘at’
Atrium
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘ao’
Aorta
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘p’ and ‘v’
Pulmonary Vein
Name the part of the heart beginning with ‘p’ and ‘a’
Pulmonary Artery.
Name the system containing the heart and lungs
Cardiovascular system
Explain the double circulatory system
One system pumps deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the heart- the other system pumps oxygenated blood around the body and deoxygenated blood returns to the heart
Why do we have a double circulatory system
So we have higher blood pressure which is more efficient as there is greater blood flow to bodily tissues
What are the four main components of the blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets
Red blood cells function
RBCs contain haemoglobin which binds to oxygen so they can transport oxygen around the body
White blood cells function
White blood cells engulf pathogens (process called phagocytosis) and are a key part of the immune system
Platelets function
They contain chemicals which are excreted into the plasma when in contact with air or damaged cells, these chemicals turn the plasma into sticky fibrin which traps RBCs forming a blood clot which hardens into a scab
Name the three types of tubes in the circulatory system
Veins, arteries and capillaries
How are veins specialised?
They have thinner walls because blood pressure is lower and have large lumen (the hollow hole) to accommodate for the low bp to help the blood flow- they also have valves to prevent backflow
How are arteries specialised?
Higher bp so thicker elastic walls which contain muscle to make them stronger
How are capillaries specialised?
They are incredibly small and thin so they minimise the diffusion pathway between cells and have permeable walls
Name the system containing the stomach and oesophagus
The digestive system
Name the parts involved in the digestive system
Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus (assisting organs are the pancreas, the gallbladder and the liver)
Stomach function
Muscular walls pummel food, produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria and give right pH (2) for protease enzyme
Liver function
Where bile is produced which neutralises stomach acid
Gall Bladder function
Stores bile before it is released into the small intestine
Pancreas function
Produces enzymes and releases them into the small intestine
Small intestine function
Where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
Name of carbohydrate/ starch digesting enzyme, products and where it is produced
Amylase, simple sugars (glucose) + maltose and it is secreted by the pancreas, small intestine and salivary glands
Name of fat (lipid) digesting enzyme, product and where it is produced
Lipase, fatty acids and glycerol, pancreas and small intestine
Name of protein digesting enzyme, product, and where it is found
Protease, amino acids, pancreas, stomach and small intestine
Lock and key enzyme theory
A theory stating that enzymes are specific to one type of substrate as they have an active site that has a complementary shape to only one type of substrate
Induced fit
The enzyme actually changes shape to bind tighter to the substrate and this is called induced fit
Why is temperature important with enzymes?
Should be warm so thermal energy allows for more movement of enzymes and substrates so they can digest faster, not too warm though or the enzymes’ active sites will denature, 37 degrees is perfect as it is body temperature
What solution is used to test for starch during an amylase test
Iodine solution, changes from browny orange to bluey black
What are catalysts?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions
Rate of reaction equation
Rate= 1000/time
or
Rate= amount of product made/time
Name the organisation of the body
subcellular structures, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism (human body)
Name the parts of the lung
Trachea (wind pipe)- splits into two bronchi, splits into bronchioles, splits into alveoli, diaphragm below
How are lungs specialised
Large surface area in alveoli allows for faster rate of diffusion, very thin so shorter diffusion pathway, breathing pattern maintains large diffusion gradient
Factors affecting the rate of diffusion
Temperature, surface area, diffusion pathway, diffusion gradient
Diffusion definition
The net movement of particles from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
Osmosis definition
The movement of water from areas of higher to lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane
