Organs Flashcards
What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?
Salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas teeth tongue
What are the functions of the digestive tract and accessory organs ?
ingestion Mechanical processing Digestion Secretion Absorption Excretion Compaction Defecation
Why is the oral cavity important in digestion?
Because the swallowing process starts here.
What is the function of the tongue?
structure that moves food from one side to another
What is the function of the teeth?
breaks down food into smaller particles so when its digested the bigger the surface area the better the food is digested
Do you have lubrication/mixing in the mouth?
Yes, lubrication/mixing occur in the mouth because of the salivary glands that empty into your mouth and they release enzymes and mucus that initiate digestion.
What is the product that is digested at the level of the oral cavity and that initiates digestion at the level of the oral cavity?
Carbohydrates.
How are the cheeks supported and formed?
By the buccinator muscles
Is the mucosa continuous with the lips?
yes
What is the mucosa of the cheeks continuous with?
lips (labia)
Is there a space between the cheeks, the lips, and the teeth ?
yes
What is the space between the cheeks, the lips and teeth called?
vestibule
What forms the roof of the oral cavity?
Hard palate and soft palate
what separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
Hard palate and soft palate
What is the location of the soft palate in relation to the hard palate?
soft palate is posterior to the hard palate
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal pharynx?
soft palate
when does the soft palate separate the oral cavity from the nasal pharynx?
during swallowing especially
What is the function of the uvula?
It helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely.
What helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely?
the uvula
What dangles in the nasal cavity?
uvula
What is the function of the tongue?
Mechanical processing by compression, abrasion, and distortion. Basically you start to tear your food by using your tongue. It assist with chewing because it lets you bring your food towards your teeth and press it against your teeth. It also lest you position the food in a way that is easier for chewing
Does the tongue have sensory receptors?
It can receive temperature, touch, and taste.
What does the tongue release?
A little bit of musin and even enzymes that help with fat digestion.
What is the lingual frenulum?
It’s a line middle of the bottom of your tongue and you have two holes on the side of it that are the openings for your submandibular duct.
Sometimes when you talk and your squirt a little from your mouth, why does that occur?
The openings on the side of your lingual frenulum.
Do you have only one frenulum?
No, you have three one. The lingual frenulum, the one at the bottom of your tongue your lower frenulum and one at the top of your lips the upper frenulum. They are between your lips and your gingiva.
What is the upper and lower frenulum?
Membrane that connects your lip to your gingiva.
How many salivary glands do you have?
Three (3) types of salivary glands
Name the salivary glands.
Parotid -located on the temporal part of your face
submandibular salivary gland- underneath your mandible
sublingual salivary gland- underneath your tongue
Which salivary gland is the largest?
Parotid salivary gland
How much saliva does the parotid produce?
Parotid salivary gland it only produces 25% of saliva even though its the biggest
How much saliva does the sublingual salivary gland produce?
sublingual produces 5% of saliva
How much saliva does the submandibular gland produce?
submandibular 70% of saliva
What does the parotid secrete?
Parotid secretes enzymes, so it has a serous secretion. (amylase for carbohydrate breakdown)
What does the sublingual salivary gland secrete?
Mucus secretion which involves secreting glycoproteins
What does the submandibular secrete?
Both, Mucus secretion (glycoproteins) & serous secretion.
What do teeth do?
chewing (smaller particles the easier on digestion), breaks down food
What are the three regions of your teeth?
crown
neck
root
What is the enamel? What is it made of?
First layer, white part of the tooth, made of packed crystals of calcium phosphate (densely packed)
What is your hardest biologically manufactured substance?
teeth due to the calcium phosphate crystals that are densely packed
What layer is after the enamel?
Dentine, which is similar to bone but does not contain living cells. You don’t feel pain when a dentist drills your teeth in this area.
What layer is after the enamel?
pulp cavity, has a lot of blood vessels, and nerves which enter through the apical foramen and exit via your root canal
What does a root canal do?
Removes the pulp cavity and fills it in with pins
What is the apical foramen?
the opening at the root of the tooth where the nerve and blood vessels that supply the dental pulp pass
The root of the tooth is anchored in what?
In a bony socket called the alveolus, looks like lungs
What is your periodontal ligament?
continuos with the enamel and goes into your bone of the alveoli, collagen fibers will extend from the dentine of the root all the way to the alveolus aka collagen fibers that attach a tooth to the alveolar bone
What is gomphosis?
type of articulation/joint that occurs between your teeth and the bone of the alveolus. It’s when a peg of one bone fits into the hole or socket of another bone. aka your tooth into the bone of the alveolus
What holds your teeth in place?
Cement + the gomphosis articulation
What is the cement of the tooth?
structure next to your periodontal ligament that covers the root’s dentine
What does the cement of the tooth do?
provides protection, and together with the periodontal ligament anchors your teeth
What is dentine resistant to?
erosion
What is cementum?
similar to bone like the dentine, but cementum is less resistant to erosion so it can be destroyed easier, its a hard surface layer
What is the gingiva?
soft tissue that protects the teeth
What is the gingiva sulcus?
space between a tooth and the gingiva tissue where you have epithelia cells that form tight attachments to the tooth above the neck, it prevents bacteria from entering into the periodontal ligament and getting into the root, that’s why floss is important
What is the largest visceral organ?
the liver, spongy type of organ
What is the main function of the liver?
filters blood
What are the lobes of the liver?
right lobe (anterior) left lobe (a) caudate lobe (posterior) quadrate lobe (p)
Where is the liver located?
on the right (stomach is on the left)
What organ touches the anterior abdominal wall?
the liver (thats why it has no anterior impressions)
what is the falciform ligament?
in the middle of the liver and connects the liver to the anterior part of the diaphragm , it branches off to form the coronary ligaments.
What does the falciform ligament branch off into?
The coronary ligament
What does the coronary ligament attach the liver to?
attaches live to the top part of your diaphragm
What is found at the bottom of the coronary ligament?
the round ligament (ligamentum teres)
What is the round ligament/
continuation of the falciform ligament, marks the path of the degenerated fetal umbilical vein
Where is the quadrate lobe located?
between the gallbladder and left lobe
Where is the caudate lobe located?
inferior vena cava and left lobe
What does the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery proper do?
Hepatic portal vein is leaving the liver and going to the inferior vena cava. The hepatic artery proper is taking blood supply to the cells of the liver.
What does the common bile duct do?
Common bile duct is taking bile form the liver to the gall bladder
How do doctors like to divide the liver?
Divide it based on divisions made by the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic ducts.
What are the segments of the liver?
posterior, anterior, medial, and lateral
What provides 1/3 blood to the liver?
1/3 of oxygen rich blood is supplied to the liver via the hepatic artery proper (which branches off the common hepatic artery)
What provides 2/3 blood to the liver?
the hepatic portal system provides 2/3 carbon dioxide rich blood from everywhere in your digestive system to the liver
What is the role of the hepatic portal vein together with the liver?
Hepatic portal vein is the common structure where blood vessels and veins combine at. The hepatic portal vein will then send the blood into the liver to filter and then exits through the hepatic veins and the blood will enter the inferior vena cava up to the heart.
What blood vessels send their blood to the hepatic portal vein to be filtered by the liver?
Left gastric vein
Splenic vein
Pancreatic vein
inferior and superior mesenteric veins
Do we have more carbon dioxide rich blood going to the liver or oxygen rich blood?
carbon dioxide rich blood (2/3)
What is the liver formed from?
liver is formed by lobules
At the end/tip of each lobule what do we have?
we have a portal area
What 3 structures make up the portal area?
- branch off the hepatic artery proper (blood rich in oxygen) (red area)
- branch off of the hepatic portal vein (carbon rich blood) (blue area)
- bile duct (green part)
What is a central vein?
the central vein is connected to the hepatic vein that is then connected to the heart, so the hepatic artery proper and the hepatic portal vein and the bile duct are all connected to the central vein
What are hepatocytes?
blood goes through these branches to be filtered and it takes it to the central vein then to hepatic veins then to the inferior vena cava then to the heart
What are bile ducts?
Bile duct is important because it drains the bile that is being produced by the hepatocytes
What are bile canaliculi?
Bile canaliculi, smallr ducts that leave from the bile duct to the gallbladder
Does the gall bladder produce bile?
no, it stores bile
What produces bile?
hepatocytes in the liver
What are Kupffer cells?
macrophages, get rid of debris or pathogens in the liver
What is the function of the gallbladder?
store bile not create bile
How does bile leave the gallbladder?
via the common bile duct
How does bile enter the gallbladder from the liver?
via the R/L Hepatic duct
What does the cystic duct do?
transfers bile between the gallbladder, common, and hepatic bile ducts.
What is the hepatopancreatic sphincter/sphincter of oddi?
releases contents from the pancreas duct, and liver
When is bile secreted?
once you have fat that you ate from your stomach goes to your duodenum it sends a signal to the gallbladder to release bile
Bile reaches the duodenum via ?
bile will come down via the common bile duct into your duodenum.
What are Micelles?
Bile breaks up fat making them smaller and into small compartments so they are easier to be absorbed; these compartments are micelles
What hormone helps release bile?
cholecystokinin hormone (CCK)
Besides signaling the releasing bile what does CCK hormone do?
sends direct message to the stomach if the food is too large etc and is not ready to be sent to the duodenum this hormone will close the plyroric sphincter and blocks the duodenum
Can you store food in your stomach?
Yes.
Describe the pancreas.
large gland, with lobules, has a pancreatic duct that brings enzymes and releases it to the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter)
What extra duct do some individuals have in the pancreas?
some individuals have an accessory pancreatic duct which is the same as of the sphincter of oddi (hepatopancreatic sphincter) but its an extra one present in some individuals
