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Abdomen > Organs > Flashcards

Organs Flashcards

1
Q

At what level does the oesophagus join the cardiac orifice of the stomach?

A

T11

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2
Q

How is the food transported in the oesophagus?

A

peristalsis

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3
Q

What are the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus?

A

Superior third - deep cervical lymph nodes

Middle third - superior and posterior mediastinal nodes

Lower third - left gastric and celiac nodes

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4
Q

Arterial supply of oesophagus - thoracic and abdominal

A

thoracic - inferior thyroid artery

Abdominal - left gastric artery

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5
Q

What arteries supply the greater curvature?

A

short gastric arteries,

the right gastro-omental (branch of gastroduodenal artery from the common hepatic artery)and left gastro-omental arteries (from splenic artery from coeliac trunk)

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6
Q

What ligament does the lesser curvature attach to?

A

hepatogastric ligament

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7
Q

What arteries supplies the lesser curvature?

A

left gastric artery, right gastric branch of the hepatic artery from coeliac trunk

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8
Q

What does the greater omentum attach to?

A

transverse colon

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9
Q

What does the lesser omentum attach to?

A

liver

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10
Q

Where does the right and left gastric vein drain into?

A

hepatic portal vein

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11
Q

Where does the short gastric vein, left and right gastro-omental veins drain into?

A

superior mesenteric vein

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply of the stomach?

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks, derived from the vagus nerve - relax pyloric sphincter

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13
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply of the stomach?

A

Celiac/solar plexus from the T6-T9 spinal cord segments

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14
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the stomach?

A

into the gastric and gastro-omental lymph nodes which connects to the coeliac lymph nodes

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15
Q

What part of the duodenum receives pancreatic juices and bile?

A

descending (L1-L3)

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16
Q

What are 2 sources of arterial supply of duodenum?

A

1) Proximal to the major duodenal papilla - supplied by gastroduodenal artery (from coeliac trunk).
2) Distal to the major duodenal papilla - by inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of superior mesenteric)

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17
Q

Lymphatic drainage of duodenum

A

pancreatoduodnal and superior mesenteric nodes

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18
Q

lymphatic drainage of jejunum and lleum

A

superior mesenteric nodes

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19
Q

What is the ileocaecal valve?

A

separation of small and large intestines - landmark for colonoscopy. Also a closed loop obstruction can occur here.

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20
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of cecum and appendix?

A

ileocolic lymph nodes

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21
Q

What is the embryonic origin of cecum and appendix?

A

Midgut

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22
Q

What is the most common position of the appendix?

A

retrocecal

23
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the larger intestines?

A
  • omental appendices
  • teniae coli
  • haustra
  • wider diameter
24
Q

Embryological origin of large intestines

A

Ascending colon and proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon – derived from the midgut.

Distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon – derived from the hindgut.

25
Q

Arterial supply of large intestines

A

Mid-gut derived: superior mesenteric artery - ileocolic and right colic arteries

Hindgut-derived: inferior mesenteric artery. - left colic arteries and sigmoid arteries

26
Q

Venous drainage of large intestines

A

ascending and transverse: superior mesenteric vein

descending and sigmoid: inferior mesenteric vein

BOTH EMPTIES INTO HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

27
Q

Innervation of large intestines

A

midgut: superior mesenteric plexus

Hindgut: inferior mesenteric plexus (parasympathetic was pelvic spalnchnic nerve and sympathetic was lumbar splanchnic nerves)

28
Q

Where does the superior and inferior mesenteric nodes drain into?

A

intestinal lymph trunk - cisterna Chyli- thoracic duct

29
Q

What level does the rectum begin

A

S3

30
Q

What is the function of the ampulla in rectum? what flexure helps with faecal continence?

A

relaxes to accumulate and temporarily store faeces until defecation.

Anorectal flexure also helps with faecal continence

31
Q

What plexus are involved in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous supply of the rectum?

A

sympathetic: superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

Parasympathetic: pelvic spalnchin nerves (S2-4)

32
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the liver?

A

1) Diaphragmatic surface - the anterosuperior surface

2) Visceral surface - posteroinferior surface

33
Q

Where are the caudate and quadrate lobes of the liver?

A

Caudate - upper aspect

quadrate - lower aspect

34
Q

Where in the abdomen is the liver predominantly located?

A

Right hypochondrium

35
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

supplies the liver with partially deoxygenated blood, carrying nutrients absorbed from the small intestines.

36
Q

What causes portal hypertension?

A

Blockage in the veins due to pathological conditions such as liver cirrhosis and Schistosomiasis

Pre-hepatic causes: embolis
hepatic- cirrhosis
post-hepatic: right heart failure

37
Q

What are the sites of anastomosis between the portal and systemic venous circulation?

A

1) Oesophageal - between oesophageal branches of the left gastric vein and of the azygos vein.
2) Rectal – between superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal veins.
3) Para-umbilical – between para-umbilical and superficial epigastric veins

38
Q

What are the clinical consequences of portal hypertension?

A
  • Varices: lead to hemmorids
  • Ascites
  • Splenomegaly
  • toxins are not filtered
39
Q

At what vertebral level do the two common iliac veins unite to form IVC?

A

L5

40
Q

What supply the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation to the gall bladder?

A
  • Sympathetic and sensory: Coeliac plexus

- Parasympathetic: Vagus (causes secretion of bile)

41
Q

Whats the part of the pancreas that is intraperitoneal?

A

tail

42
Q

What is the clinical significance of “vascular segments” of the spleen?

A

allows for subtotal splenectomy

43
Q

What fascia encloses the adrenal glands and kidneys?

A

perinephric (or renal) fascia

44
Q

Where is the adrenal cortex derived from? what are the layers and what hormones are produced and secreted from each?

A

Derived from the embryonic mesoderm.

1) Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
2) Zona fasciculate - Cortiicosteroid
3) Zona reticularis - androgen e.g. DHES

45
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla derived from and what hormone is produced and secreted?

A

derived from the ectodermal neural crest cells.

produce and release adrenaline (epinephrin)

46
Q

Where does the left and right adrenal vein drain into?

A

Right - inferior vena cava

left- left renal vein

47
Q

Innervation of adrenal glands?

A

Coeliac plexus and greater splanchnic nerves.

Sympathetic innervation to the adrenal medulla is via myelinated pre-synaptic fibres, mainly from the T10 to L1 spinal cord segments.

48
Q

What is the best description of the shape of the left adrenal gland?

A

semi-lunar

49
Q

What is the best description on the shape of the right adrenal gland?

A

pyramidal

50
Q

What level does the kidney sit? and why is the right kidney lower?

A

T12 to L3

Right kidney sits lower due to the presence of liver.

51
Q

What are the layers of the kidney (deep to superficial)?

A
  • Renal capsule: tough fibrous capsule.
  • Peri- renal fat: collection of extraperitoneal fat.
  • Renal fascia (also known as Gerota’s fascia or perirenal fascia): encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.
  • Pararenal fat: mainly located on the posterolateral aspect of the kidney.
52
Q

Where is the original embryological site of kidney?

A

pelvis

53
Q

Where does the lymph of the kidney drain?

A

para-aortic nodes (or lateral aortic)

Abdomen (4 decks)

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