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Developmental Biology > Organogenesis > Flashcards

Organogenesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mesenchymal cells: ____1.____ (skeletal elements + other ____2.____ ) and ____3.____ ( ____4.____ + muscle + ____5.____ )

A
  1. lateral plate mesoderm
  2. connective tissues
  3. somites
  4. cartilage
  5. partial vasculature
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2
Q

In chick embryos, the first signs of limb development are around the ____1.____ day after ____2.____

A
  1. third

2. the egg is laid

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3
Q

The ____1.____ will form the mesodermal parts of the ____2.____

A
  1. intermediate mesoderm

2. kidneys

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4
Q

The ____1.____ will give rise to the ____2.____

A
  1. anterior splanchnic mesoderm

2. heart

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5
Q

The ____1.____ part of the lateral mesoderm will develop into the ____2.____ and ____3.____

A
  1. ventral-most
  2. vascular system
  3. blood
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6
Q

The dermomyotome gives rise to the ____1.____ (muscle)

A
  1. myotome
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7
Q

The ____1.____ migrates to form the cartilage of the vertebrae

A
  1. sclerotome
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8
Q

The somite is patterned by signals secreted by ____1.____

A
  1. adjacent tissues
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9
Q

The limb has three developmental axes: (what are they?)

A
  1. proximo-distal axis
  2. antero-posterior axis
  3. dorso-ventral axis
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10
Q

Thickening in the ectoderm: ____1.____ or ____2.____ …runs along the boundary between ____3.____ and ____4.____ ectoderm

A
  1. apical ectoderm ridge
  2. apical ridge
  3. dorsal
  4. ventral
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11
Q

The ____1.____ part of the limb bud is the first to differentiate, and the differentiation proceeds ____2.____ as the limb bud grows out

A
  1. proximal

2. distally

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12
Q

The first sign of cartilage differentiation: increased local packing of the mesenchyme cells ( ____1.____ )

A
  1. condensation
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13
Q

T or F : during the growth phase, cartilage is replaced by bone

A

TRUE

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14
Q

During the growth phase, ____1.____ is replaced by ____2.____

A
  1. cartilage

2. bone

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15
Q

Genes expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm (Hox, Pitx1, Tbx4, Tbx5…..) are involved in specifying the ____1.____ and ____2.____

A
  1. position

2. type of limb

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16
Q

T or F : transplantation experiments in chick embryos have shown that the lateral plate mesoderm becomes determined to form limbs in their positions, long before limb buds are visible

A

TRUE

17
Q

___1.___ is important (Tbx4 and Tbx5 control local production of ___2.___ that initiate limb development)

A
  1. FGF

2. FGFs

18
Q

The apical ectodermal ridge is required for limb outgrowth and the formation of structures along the ____1.____ axis of the limb ….. and the key signal is provided by ___2.___

A
  1. proximo-distal

2. FGFs

19
Q

T or F : FGF8 alone is not sufficient for normal limb development

A

FALSE (it is sufficient)

20
Q

Outgrowth of the limb bud involves ____1.____

A
  1. oriented cell behavior
21
Q

When a well-defined apical ridge is present, the limb bud’s length along the proximo-distal axis (increases/decreases) about ____1.____ , while the dimensions of its ____2.____ and ____3.____ axes are almost unchanged

A

increases

  1. three-fold
  2. antero-posterior
  3. dorso-ventral
22
Q

Cell proliferation is higher ____1.____ and near the ____2.____ . . . . but the bud growth has more to do with cell polarization and oriented cell movements, and cell division in the direction of the ____3.____

A
  1. distally
  2. ectoderm
  3. apical ridge
23
Q

T or F : patterning of the limb bud involves positional information and how it is being specified is still a matter of debate

A

TRUE

24
Q

The developing chick limb bud behaves as if its future development is determined by the positions of its cells with respect to the main limb axes (the ____1.____ and the ____2.____ )

A
  1. polarizing region

2. apical ectodermal ridge

25
Q

The ____1.____ or ____2.____ of a vertebrate limb bud has organizing properties almost as striking as those of the ____3.____ in amphibians

A
  1. polarizing region
  2. the zone of polarizing activity
  3. Spemann organizer
26
Q

ZPA can specify positional information along the ____1.____ axis

A
  1. antero-posterior
27
Q

____1.____ : any substance active in pattern formation whose spatial concentration varies and to which cells respond differently at different threshold concentrations

A
  1. morphogen
28
Q

____1.____ is the ZPA morphogen

A
  1. Sonic hedgehog (Shh)
29
Q

T or F : how digit identity is encoded was recently discovered

A

FALSE (it is not yet known)

30
Q

The dorso-ventral axis of the limb is controlled by the ____1.____ (in experiments, the proximal regions of the limbs that develop have ____2.____ polarity corresponding to that of the ____3.____ , whereas the distal regions have a reversed dorso-ventral axis, with the pattern of muscles and tendons reversed and corresponding to the ____4.____ polarity of the ____5.____ )

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. dorso-ventral
  3. mesoderm
  4. dorso-ventral
  5. ectoderm
31
Q

Development of the limb is integrated by interactions between ____1.____ (by ____2.____ )

A
  1. signaling centers

2. feedback control

32
Q

T or F : different interpretations of the same positional signals give different limbs

A

TRUE

33
Q

Signals are interpreted according to the ____1.____ of the responding cells (if tissue that would normally give rise to the thigh is grafted from ____2.____ part of an early chick leg bud to the tip of an early wing bud, it develops into toes with claws)

A
  1. origin

2. proximal

34
Q

These results suggest that the limb bud might be able to generate a basic ____1.____ consisting of equivalent cartilaginous elements

A
  1. prepattern
35
Q

A ____1.____ is a basic organization that is generated autonomously in the embryo and can be identified in advance of the latter development of a similar pattern of structures

A
  1. prepattern
36
Q

T or F: The pattern that eventually develops does have to follow the prepattern exactly

A

FALSE (does not have to follow the prepattern exactly but may be a modified form of it)

37
Q

Limb muscle is patterned by the ____1.____

A
  1. connective tissue
38
Q

T or F : the initial development of cartilage, muscles, and tendons is autonomous

A

TRUE

Developmental Biology (9 decks)

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