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Biology 30 > Organizations of Life Review > Flashcards

Organizations of Life Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell theory

A

-All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
-Basic unit of life.
-Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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2
Q

Unicellular

A

An organism that only consist of one cell.

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3
Q

Multicellular

A

An organism that consists of more than one cell.

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4
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Are the simplest and smallest cells. They don’t have a nucleus or membrane.

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5
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Have a membrane-bound nucleas and organelles.

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6
Q

Organelles

A

-Are tiny structures inside cells that carry out specific functions.
Means “little organ”

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7
Q

Animal cells

A

The building blocks that make up all living organisms in the animal kingdom.
-Have lysosomes
-Small vacuole

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8
Q

Plant cells

A

Building blocks of all plants.
-Have cell wall that provides structure.
-Have chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
-Large vacuole.

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Are an important source of energy. They provide support for cells and communication between cells and are made up of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon
.

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10
Q

Proteins

A

Are the bullding blocks of life because they perform many different functions. The primary structure is a long chain of many smaller molecules called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acid.

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11
Q

Lipids

A

Are a group of molecules that include fats, oils, waxes, and some steroids. Lipids are the main component of cell membranes. Are used in the storage of energy.

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12
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Are compounds that contain phosphorus and nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. These long chains are made from many smaller molecules called nucleotides. Nucleic acids form RNA and DNA.

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

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14
Q

Cell wall

A

The cell wall is located outside of the cell membrane. Its main function is to provide rigidity, strength, and protection against mechanical stress and infection.

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

-a complex carbohydrate
-plant cell wall

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16
Q

Chitin

A

-a complex carbohydrate
-fungal cell wall

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17
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

-sugars and amino acids
-bacterial cell wall

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18
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

describes membranes as a fluid combination of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.

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19
Q

Differentially permeable

A

they allow the passage of small molecules but not large molecules.

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20
Q

Selectively permeable

A

they allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of passive or active transport.

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21
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

a difference in the concentration of solute across a membrane.

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22
Q

Equilibrium

A

Concentrations of solute and solvent are equal on both sides of the membrane.

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23
Q

Passive transport

A

DOES NOT require energy
-high to low concentration

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24
Q

Diffusion

A

is the process resulting from random motion of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration.

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

is the movement of water molecules of a solution from a high concentration to a lower concentration, through a cell’s semipermeable membrane.

26
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP energy.
-low to high concentration

27
Q

Exocytosis

A

exiting cell

28
Q

Endocytosis

A

entering cell

29
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

-Concentration of solutes are higher inside the cell than outside the cell.
-Water moves into the cell and solutes move out of the cell.
-Cell will swell

30
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

-Solute concentrations are equal inside and outside of the cell.
-No movement of water or solutes.

31
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

Concentration of solutes is lower inside the cell than outside the cell.
Water moves out of the cell and solutes move into the cell.
-Cell will shrivel and die.

32
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Channel and carrier proteins in the membrane ease the diffusion of molecules that cannot cross on their own.

33
Q

ATP

A

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, when they are exposed to sunlight.
Formula:
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

35
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

-Is the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions.
- involves glucose and oxygen as inputs, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP) as outputs.

36
Q

Mitosis

A

is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

37
Q

extremophiles

A

(organisms that thrive in physically or geochemically extreme conditions that are detrimental to most life on Earth.)
Halophiles – Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations

Acidophiles – Organisms that thrive under highly acidic conditions

Thermophiles – Organisms that thrive at relatively high temperatures, between 41 and 122°C

38
Q

Fluid regulation

A

constant internal environment to ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.

39
Q

Types of Asexual Reproduction

A

-Binary Fission
-Budding
-Fragmentation
-Vegetative Propagation
-Parthenogenesis
-Sporogenesis
-Spore Formation

40
Q

Phospholipid

A

a molecule with two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone.

41
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

-involves two parents and the fusion of gametes.
-produces offspring that are genetically unique and increases genetic variation within a species.

42
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

-involves only one parent.
-occurs without a fusion of gametes and produces offspring that are all genetically identical to the parent.

43
Q

Sexual selection

A

-is a type of natural selection where one sex has a preference for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex (exaggerated or showy traits)
- leading to increased reproductive success of those who have that particular characteristic.

44
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

can lead to specific behaviors in males that increase their reproductive success
(male birds dancing)

45
Q

Homeostasis

A

the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal state.

46
Q

thermoregulation

A

Animals have body structures and physiological responses that control how much heat they exchange with the environment.

47
Q

Dichotomous keys

A

are tools that allow the user to identify a certain item.

48
Q

taxonomy

A

a science that deals with naming, describing and classification of all living organisms including plants.

49
Q

Meiosis

A

-Cell division in reproductive cells.
- two-phase process divides the chromosomes of a diploid germ cell, generating four haploid gametes.

50
Q

levels of classification

A

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

51
Q

Six kingdoms

A

-Bacteria
-Archaea
-Protista
-Plantae
-Fungi
-Animalia

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

a process by which the cell takes in fluids along with dissolved small molecules.

53
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the cell engulfs a food particle instead of a drop of liquid.

54
Q

Autotroph

A

an organism that can produce its own food using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, without relying on external sources.

55
Q

Heterotroph

A

an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients.

56
Q

chemosynthesis

A

The process by which food is made by bacteria or other living things using chemicals as the energy source, typically in the absence of sunlight.

57
Q

Flagellum/Cilia

A

-are cell organelles having similar structure but differ in their function and length.
-Cilia are short in size and are present in large number in the cell.
-flagella are longer in size and are few per cell.

58
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

-is the two name system used to identify an organism.
-consists of the genus and species name.

59
Q

Biofeedback

A

is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.

60
Q

Levels of organization

A

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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