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Biology 30 > Life and Evolution Unit Review > Flashcards

Life and Evolution Unit Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

Are organisms that are able to mate with their own and have functioning fertile offspring.

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2
Q

Speciation

A

Is the evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species.

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3
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Is the process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into many new forms.

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4
Q

Mass extinction

A

Is a wide spread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.

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5
Q

Natural selection

A

Is the process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

Is the process by which two or more species evolve in collaboration by exerting selection pressures on each other. EX) Predators and prey

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7
Q

Genetic drift

A

Is the change genotypes in a small population. There is a chance of disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or aren’t able to reproduce. It is a random event.

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8
Q

Descent with modification

A

The principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.

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9
Q

Adaptation

A

Is a heritable trait that helps the survival of an organism in its present environment.

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10
Q

Fitness

A

Is the result of adaptation and the struggle for existence.

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11
Q

Prezygotic

A

Those that prevent mating between different species.

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12
Q

Postzygotic

A

Those that reduce the likelihood that an offspring will survive after mating has occurred, but before the offspring is actually born.

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13
Q

Temporal isolation

A

Is an evolutionary mechanism that prevents species from mating because they breed at different times. These differences can be time of day, season or even different years.

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14
Q

Geographical Isolation

A

Is an evolutionary mechanism that refers to a population of animals, plants or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with their same species.

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15
Q

Gradualism

A

Selection and variation that happens more gradually. Change is slow, constant, and consistent.

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16
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

Change comes in spurts. The species changes very rapidly over a few generations, then settles down again to a period of little change.

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17
Q

Theory

A

A broad explanation for events that is widely accepted as true.

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18
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.

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19
Q

Abiogenesis

A

“Life from non-life”

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20
Q

Biogenesis

A

“Life from life.”

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21
Q

Which scientist used a meat experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi

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22
Q

Which scientist proved the existence of microorganisms?

A

Louis Pasteur

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23
Q

Which scientist proposed the theory or natural selection (adaptive radiation)?

A

Charles Darwin

24
Q

Which scientist said that organism change because of an inner need to change? (Inheritance of acquired characteristics)

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

25
Q

Give and example of adaptation

A

Thick white fur to help keep polar bears warm and camouflaged.

26
Q

Results of adaptation in a population due to a change.

A

Successful adaptations allow
organisms to become better suited
to their environments

27
Q

Name one species unique to Galápagos Islands

A

marine iguanas

28
Q

What was the main difference between finches in different islands?

A

size and shape of their beaks

29
Q

Name 3 selective pressures

A

-Competition
-Pollution
-Change in climate

30
Q

“Other homeland” speciation

A

Allopatric speciation occurs when a population of organisms becomes separated or isolated from their main group.

31
Q

“Same homeland” speciation

A

Sympatric speciation happens in a population without geographic isolation. Involves changes in the chromosomes of the organism.

32
Q

Prevents mating between different species

A

Reproductive barriers

33
Q

Mating rituals are examples of which isolation?

A

Behavioural isolation

34
Q

Breeding at different times is an example of which isolation?

A

Temporal isolation

35
Q

Physical Barries are examples of which isolation?

A

Geographic and habitat isolation

36
Q

When two or more species evolve in tandem

A

Coevolution

37
Q

True or False: A human arm and a bat wing are analogues

A

False, they are homologous.

38
Q

True or False: A butterfly wing and a bat wing are analogous.

A

True

39
Q

Similar structure, different function

A

Homologous Body Structures

40
Q

Different structure, similar function

A

Analogous Structures

41
Q

What does LUCA stand for?

A

last universal common ancestor

42
Q

List the 3 steps in natural selection.

A
  1. Struggle for existence
  2. Survival of the Fittest
  3. Descent With Modification
43
Q

Analogous structures are an example of which type of evolution?

A

Convergent evolution

44
Q

Homologous structures are an example of which type of evolution?

A

divergent evolution

45
Q

The human tailbone is an example of which structure?

A

vestigial structure

46
Q

What is the common ancestor of four-limed animals?

A

a fish

47
Q

The study of the distribution of life over geographical areas.

A

Biogeography

48
Q

What is the name of Darwins book published in 1859?

A

On the Origin of Species

49
Q

The study of embryos to identify similarities and differences between species.

A

Comparative embryology

50
Q

Give and example of humans using artificial selection.

A

dog breeding

51
Q

Antibiotics and bacteria are in what is known as an…

A

Evolutionary arms race

52
Q

Red and green beetles are in the grass. Which beetle is most likely to survive?

A

-Green beetles are more likely to survive because they are able to camouflage in the grass.

53
Q

Where do scientist believe LUCA lived?

A

Hydrothermal vents

54
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

is the idea that inanimate objects create animate objects.

55
Q

Which protein do scientists often use to check for DNA similarities?

A

Hemoglobin

Biology 30 (2 decks)

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