Life and Evolution Unit Review Flashcards
Species
Are organisms that are able to mate with their own and have functioning fertile offspring.
Speciation
Is the evolution of two or more species from one ancestral species.
Adaptive radiation
Is the process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into many new forms.
Mass extinction
Is a wide spread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.
Natural selection
Is the process where organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Coevolution
Is the process by which two or more species evolve in collaboration by exerting selection pressures on each other. EX) Predators and prey
Genetic drift
Is the change genotypes in a small population. There is a chance of disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or aren’t able to reproduce. It is a random event.
Descent with modification
The principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.
Adaptation
Is a heritable trait that helps the survival of an organism in its present environment.
Fitness
Is the result of adaptation and the struggle for existence.
Prezygotic
Those that prevent mating between different species.
Postzygotic
Those that reduce the likelihood that an offspring will survive after mating has occurred, but before the offspring is actually born.
Temporal isolation
Is an evolutionary mechanism that prevents species from mating because they breed at different times. These differences can be time of day, season or even different years.
Geographical Isolation
Is an evolutionary mechanism that refers to a population of animals, plants or other organisms that are separated from exchanging genetic material with their same species.
Gradualism
Selection and variation that happens more gradually. Change is slow, constant, and consistent.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Change comes in spurts. The species changes very rapidly over a few generations, then settles down again to a period of little change.
Theory
A broad explanation for events that is widely accepted as true.
Artificial selection
Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms.
Abiogenesis
“Life from non-life”
Biogenesis
“Life from life.”
Which scientist used a meat experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?
Francesco Redi
Which scientist proved the existence of microorganisms?
Louis Pasteur
Which scientist proposed the theory or natural selection (adaptive radiation)?
Charles Darwin
Which scientist said that organism change because of an inner need to change? (Inheritance of acquired characteristics)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Give and example of adaptation
Thick white fur to help keep polar bears warm and camouflaged.
Results of adaptation in a population due to a change.
Successful adaptations allow
organisms to become better suited
to their environments
Name one species unique to Galápagos Islands
marine iguanas
What was the main difference between finches in different islands?
size and shape of their beaks
Name 3 selective pressures
-Competition
-Pollution
-Change in climate
“Other homeland” speciation
Allopatric speciation occurs when a population of organisms becomes separated or isolated from their main group.
“Same homeland” speciation
Sympatric speciation happens in a population without geographic isolation. Involves changes in the chromosomes of the organism.
Prevents mating between different species
Reproductive barriers
Mating rituals are examples of which isolation?
Behavioural isolation
Breeding at different times is an example of which isolation?
Temporal isolation
Physical Barries are examples of which isolation?
Geographic and habitat isolation
When two or more species evolve in tandem
Coevolution
True or False: A human arm and a bat wing are analogues
False, they are homologous.
True or False: A butterfly wing and a bat wing are analogous.
True
Similar structure, different function
Homologous Body Structures
Different structure, similar function
Analogous Structures
What does LUCA stand for?
last universal common ancestor
List the 3 steps in natural selection.
- Struggle for existence
- Survival of the Fittest
- Descent With Modification
Analogous structures are an example of which type of evolution?
Convergent evolution
Homologous structures are an example of which type of evolution?
divergent evolution
The human tailbone is an example of which structure?
vestigial structure
What is the common ancestor of four-limed animals?
a fish
The study of the distribution of life over geographical areas.
Biogeography
What is the name of Darwins book published in 1859?
On the Origin of Species
The study of embryos to identify similarities and differences between species.
Comparative embryology
Give and example of humans using artificial selection.
dog breeding
Antibiotics and bacteria are in what is known as an…
Evolutionary arms race
Red and green beetles are in the grass. Which beetle is most likely to survive?
-Green beetles are more likely to survive because they are able to camouflage in the grass.
Where do scientist believe LUCA lived?
Hydrothermal vents
What is spontaneous generation?
is the idea that inanimate objects create animate objects.
Which protein do scientists often use to check for DNA similarities?
Hemoglobin
