Organizational Psychology References

Question 1

Aldefer (1972)

Answer 1

ERG (existence, relatedness and growth) theory,
suggesting satisfaction could lead to progression to the next stage and frustration could lead to regression. Different from Maslow because a something can be motivating for reasons from more than one category.

Question 2

Asch

Answer 2

People conform with stooges if a group of them all give the same response about which line is the same length as another line (3 options)

Question 3

Belbin

Answer 3

Suggests effective teams have a mixture of skills. There are 9 roles: IMP (implementer), CO (Coordinator), SH (shaper), PL (Plant), RI (Resource Investigator), ME (Monitor evaluator), TW (team worker), CF (Completer, Finisher). In virtual business 14. situations a combination of rules was a better at determine success than a teams IQ.

Question 4

Cooper (1994)

Answer 4

Found fewer accidents occurred in a field study at 14 departments of a factory after the goals had been
13 set according to Latham & Lock’s advice.

Question 5

Cziesler (1982)

Answer 5

Investigate the effect of slow shift rotations with self- reports and found less stress, better quality sleep
and increased productivity in factory workers.

Question 6

Fiedler (1976)

Answer 6

Suggest a match between a leader trait style and the demand of the situation are important. The trait style can be measured using the least proffered worker questionnaire. Lower scores suggest task- orientated leadership and high score relationship orientated. The analyse the situation in terms of leader-member relations, task structure and leaders position of power and consider if there is match between the situation and trait style. (see https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/fiedler.htm for brief but detailed explanation).

Question 7

Fox (1987)

Answer 7

Token economy (stamps traded at a local store for goods) led to a reduction in accidents and damage to equipment with a sample of American miners.

Question 8

Greenberg & Branson (2008)

Answer 8

Suggest that group think can be reduced by using 4 21. stragergies.

Question 9

Hawthorn

Answer 9

Investigating work performance and fading light in the environment but surprisingly found work performance increased. Suggested that extra attention and the social dynamic could have caused an improvement in the results, suggesting psychological investigation on performance might have a placebo like effect.

Question 10

Heresy & Blanchard (1988)

Answer 10

Situational leadership model, suggesting that task control and closeness to workers should vary depending on the situation. The leader may respond by participating, delegating, selling or telling, depending on the situation.

Question 11

Herzberg

Answer 11

Hygiene factors such as salary, security and relationship with workers are not motivators but are expected. Internal motivators such as recognition, achievement, personal growth are examples of real motivators.

Question 12

House (1979)

Answer 12

Path goal theory suggests that leaders can use one of the following styles depending on the situation. (directive, participative, achievement orientated, supportive).

Question 13

Judge (2002)

Answer 13

Meta-analysis of workers rating for their leaders on the Big 5 personality questionnaire. Extraversion was found to be a significant predictor.

Question 14

Knutson (2003)

Answer 14

Shift work is associated with social problems and disruptions of sleep. Consequently, the workers have health problems (Gastrointestinal problems, Cardio-vascular disease, Cancer, Diabetes).

Question 15

Latham & Lock (1984)

Answer 15

Goal setting theory: Challenging, Commitment, Clear, Achieve bale, Effective feedback.

Question 16

Marx (1997)

Answer 16

90% of accident in the aviation industry should be considered blameless.

Question 17

Maslow

Answer 17

Hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization.

Question 18

McCelland (1965)

Answer 18

Personality theory or motivation, suggesting people have different dispositional needs (achievement, affiliation and power).

Question 19

Muckzy & Reinmann (1987)

Answer 19

Four styles, varying in terms of levels of being autocratic and permissive.

Question 20

Oldham

Answer 20

Used a questionnaire to see the effect of changing to an open planned office on workers. Found negative effects in concentration and even the opportunities to give feedback.

Question 21

Reason (2002)

Answer 21

Theory A (Person) and Theory B (system) of causes of errors in the workplace.

Question 22

Rocksthul (2012)

Answer 22

Meta-analysis comparing of how high LMX effects satisfaction, performance and leadership trust in collectivist and individualistic countries. LMX had a slightly greater effect in individualistic countries, probably because the workers have less of an attitude of a shared goal and people in collectivist countries inherently feel part of a group.

Question 23

Seppänen

Answer 23

Meta-analysis of the effect of temperature on work performance. Included a range of jobs and research methods and found 22oC was most comfortable and best.

Question 24

Stoner

Answer 24

Group decision making can cause conflict which causes a polarization in opinions so the final decision that is made become exaggerated.

Question 25

Thomas (1976)

Answer 25

Investigated the conflict management style used by managers at bottom level and top level management e.g. board chairman, for a range of industries in Florida. Participants were given a questionnaire to measure conflict styles. The results show top manager are more likely to compete and collaborate than lower level mangers, however female managers were less likely to compete.

Question 26

Tuckman (1965)

Answer 26

Teams go through stages of forming, storming, norming and performing.

Question 27

Vroom (1964)

Answer 27

Motivation = Valence x Instrumentality x Expectation

Question 28

Vroom & Yetton (1973)

Answer 28

Normative decision making model.

Question 29

Wedley & Field (1983)

Answer 29

A pre-decision computer program used to help managers make decision. Factors include situational questions and advice is given about which team embers to utilize and which leadership style to use.