Abnormal Psychology References

Question 1

Freeman (2008)

Answer 1

explores the potential for the use of virtual reality to eliminate such challenges when checking symptoms and developing treatment for schizophrenia (presenting different social environments to the user)

Question 2

Gottesman & Shields (1972)

Answer 2

carried out twin study to research into the genetic inheritance of schizophrenia, conducted a series of tests on 24 sets of MZ twins and 33 DZ twins, blood group and fingerprint analysis, approximately 50% of MZ twins shared schizophrenic status, around 9% in DZ twins

Question 3

Lindström et al (1999)

Answer 3

dopamine hypothesis, those with schizophrenia produce more dopamine than those without the disorder, drug trails suggest that large increase in dopamine production are corrected with an increase in the reporting of hallucinations and delusions (Parkinson’s)

Question 4

Frith (1992)

Answer 4

schizophrenia and related disorders are viewed as involving faulty mental processes, rather than relying solely on physiological explanations, “abnormality of self-monitoring”, when patients fail to recognize that their perceived hallucinations are in fact just inner speech, it leads them to attribute what they are hearing to someone else, delusional thinking may also arise for a misinterpretation of perception

Question 5

Paul & Lentz (1977)

Answer 5

token economy as a treatment to schizophrenia, 84 individuals with chronic admissions to psychiatric institutions, 97% of the token economy group were subsequently able to live independently in the community for between 1.5 and five years

Question 6

Sensky et al (2000)

Answer 6

CBT tailored for schizophrenia. Involves stages identification, normalizations, Socratic questioning, reattribution and teaching coping strategies. After 2 and 9 months the CBT was assessed using comprehensive physiatrist rating scale (CPRS) and was found that the therapy significantly reduced the symptoms and was more effective the befriending. The patients were matched to have the same initial rating for schizophrenia on the CPRS

Question 7

Beck (1979)

Answer 7

Negative triad (self, world, future) of schema, Depression Inventory- Beck believes there are three factors that interact with each other to make a person
depressed: Negative view of the self, negative view of the world,  Negative view of the future

Question 8

Beck: Cognitive Restructuring (1979)

Answer 8

A CBT restructuring therapy for depression with stages involving changes in expectations, attributions and automatic thoughts and rationalizing

Question 9

Oruc (1997)

Answer 9

Used to support a genetic explanation. Compared the rate of depression in the US (7%) with the likelihood that someone will have depression if they have a first degree relative (parent or sibling) with depression. Found people were 3 times more likely to have depression if they had a first-degree family member with depression

Question 10

Seligman (1988)

Answer 10

Research involved putting dogs into a situation where they couldn’t escape and electric shock. They were then able to escape the situation but didn’t try to. This is used to support the learned helplessness theory

Question 11

Fournier (2010)

Answer 11

The impact of MAOI and SSRI is far more noticeable in patients with moderate to severe symptoms, and less so in patients diagnosed with mild depression

Question 12

Dierckx (2012)

Answer 12

1000 participants with either unipolar or bipolar depression, ECT had similar levels of effectiveness both resulting in around 50% remission rate

Question 13

Jelovac (2013)

Answer 13

ECT benefits in short term, high relapse rate, necessitate further treatment when reoccurrence symptoms

Question 14

Wiles (2013)

Answer 14

It can reduce symptoms of depression in people who fail to respond to antidepressants, 469 individuals were randomly allocated either continued usual care or care with cognitive behavioral therapy, those who received the therapy were three times more likely to respond to treatment and experience a reduction in symptoms

Question 15

Ellis (1962)

Answer 15

Rational Emotive Therapy: ABC DE model used to treat depression

Question 16

Griffiths (2005)

Answer 16

6 characteristics of addiction (salience, euphoria, tolerance, withdrawal, relapse, conflict)

Question 17

Burton (2012)

Answer 17

Pyromania is an impulse control disorder to start fires

Question 18

Comings & Blum (2000)

Answer 18

“Reward Deficiency Syndrome”, dopamine release triggered by the rewarding stimuli

Question 19

Miller (2010)

Answer 19

Cognitive: Feeling-State Theory, intense desire+intense positive experience=feeling state

Question 20

Dollard and Miller

Answer 20

behaviorist theorists who attempted to study psychoanalytic concepts within a behaviorist framework;
also known for their work on approach-avoidance conflicts

Question 21

Grant (2008)

Answer 21

biochemical treatment for impulse control disorder, opiates, 284 participants double blind study, 16 weeks of opiate nalmefene or 18 week course of placebo (naltrexone), gambling severity accessed by Y-BOCS, reduction operationlised as 35% reduce in scores, significant reduction, significant individual difference: those with family history of alcoholism and higher dosage reduce more

Question 22

Glover (2011)

Answer 22

Covert Sensitization, muscle relaxation

Question 23

Blaszczynski & Nower (2003)

Answer 23

Imaginal Desensitization

Question 24

Miller (2010)

Answer 24

Impulse Control Therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing exercises

Question 25

BIPI

Answer 25

Blood-Injury Phobia Inventory, 18 situation, scale of 0 to 3

Question 26

GAD-7

Answer 26

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7

Question 27

Mas (2010) & Spitzer (2006)

Answer 27

Both the GAD-7 and the BIPI have shown to have good concurrent validity with other measures, thus are valid and reliable instruments for assessing anxiety and blood phobia respectively

Question 28

Watson & Rayner (1920)

Answer 28

Behavioral explanation of phobia, classical conditioning, conditioned Little Albert to be scared to furry things by associating them with an unconditioned stimuli (loud noise)

Question 29

Freud (1909)

Answer 29

Psychoanalytic explanation of phobia, anxiety and fear cam result from the impulses of the id, Oedipus complex, Little Hans Study

Question 30

Öst (2992)

Answer 30

Biochemical/Genetic explanation for phobia, 81 blood phobic and 59 injection phobic patients, 50% of blood phobics and 27% of injection phobics had one or more parents with the same fear, 21% of blood phobics also reports having at least one sibling who shared the disorder

Question 31

Di Nardo (1988)

Answer 31

Compared people with a dog phobia to a control group and found that bad experiences with dogs occurred in about half of the participants in both groups. Participates with phobias exaggerated the chances that they would be attacked by a dog if the encountered a dog. This suggests catastrophise, they over generalize from other bad experience and those that have had a bad experience probably suffer from the gambler effect

Question 32

Wolpe (1958)

Answer 32

Systematic desensitisation used to treat phobias, consisted of the creation of a hierarchy of fears, teaching relaxation techniques and graduated exposure

Question 33

Öst (1989)

Answer 33

Applied tension. Systematically using the tensing of the muscles to maintain blood pressure during a graduated exposure to blood e.g. picture to experience a surgery.

Question 34

Öst & Westling (1995)

Answer 34

Ost and Westling compared CBT with applied relaxation. He recruited 38 patients with a diagnosis of panic disorders, and they were assessed before, after treatment and at a one-year follow-up. Each patient had an individual session of treatment per week for 12 weeks. 65% of applied relaxation group and 74% of CBT group
improved after treatment. 74% of applied relaxation
improved after treatment. 74% of applied relaxation
group and 82% of CBT group improved at follow-up.

Question 35

Rapport (1989)

Answer 35

Charles’ case study - at the age of 12, he started to wash compulsively. Overtime, he EEG finds that patients have
less white matters and greater general total ceberal cortex than the normal. The treatment includes drugs and behavioral therapy (Anafranil) to affect the serotonin and Charles’ symptoms disappeared for about a year.

Question 36

Selvi

Answer 36

69 participants with OCD, taking only SSRI drugs, completed the 12 weeks in the first trail , and only 40.6%
of them reported that they significantly improved after treatment. In the second test, 21 of those who did not have significant improve had SSRI and Aripiprazole for 8 weeks and 50% of them significantly improved. Rest of them had SSRI and Risperidone for 8 weeks and 72.2% of them had significantly improved

Question 37

Mortiz

Answer 37

46 people with OCD were recruited from a medical centre and 26 controls were recruited by advertisement.
Latent aggression and personal responsibility were measured using OCI and RIABQ. Correlation analysis was carried out for analysing the scores. Results from both measures were higher in OCD group. People with OCD feel more latent aggression because they have repressed aggressive thoughts towards parents. They do not act upon them because they have an over active superego as a result of reaction formation. They also feel an exaggerated responsibility for their actions and
thoughts and even other people because of their over active superego.

Question 38

Rachman

Answer 38

Obsessive control are intrusive, which are unwanted; Intrusive thoughts are not abnormal. People with OCD
catastrophize the thoughts as being terrible thoughts to have. OCD patients score higher on the TAF questionnaire than normal samples

Question 39

Feng

Answer 39

A critical role of SAPAP3 at cortico-striatal synapses and emphasize the importance of cortico-striatal circuitary in
OCD like behaviors. –use of animal (mice)

Question 40

Lehmkuhl et al

Answer 40

Case study of a 12-year-old boy Jason. He had both OCD and high-functioning autism (had normal IQ). He had OCD symptoms like: contamination fear, excessive hand-washing, counting and checking. He was given exposure and response prevention therapy. After treatment, his Y-BOCS score dropped from 18 to 3 and remained at follow-up.

Question 41

Foa et al

Answer 41

Measuring OCD - Compared four different types of treatment for OCD: 1. Exposure & ritual prevention 2. Clorapramine (drug treatment) 3. Combination of exposure & ritual prevention and clorapramine treatment 4. Placebo- Duration] 12 weeks - Measurement YBOC.
Results solely exposure + ritual prevention which is only effective and only slightly less than ritual prevention + exposure + drugs.

Question 42

Salkovski & Kirk (1997)

Answer 42

OCD patients who were told to suppress their obsessive thoughts showed more frequent obsessive thoughts.
Conclusion- Intrusive thoughts are less frequent when
they are told to allow the obsessive thoughts.

Question 43

Menzies

Answer 43

OCD patients & family members VS control group. Stop signal response task. Results: 1. OCD patients & family
members scored significantly lower on the task AND had less grey matter in Orbital Frontal Cortex 2. Correlations between grey matter in OFC and stop-signal scores. Conclusion: Grey matter in OFC is important in monitoring and inhibiting behavior