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Anatomy & Physiology for SLP > Organization of the Nervous System I > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

The masses of nerve cell bodies associated with the particular nerve and located as an enlargement, juncture or separation point with another peripheral nerve.

A

Ganglia

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2
Q

The processes of neurons specialized to receive the impulses moving towards the cell.

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

They appear as protruded small bulbous structures that help expand the area of contact to other neurons even farther.

A

Dendritic spines

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4
Q

The process of neuron that conducts the impulse away from the cell.

A

Axon

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5
Q

A fatty white, glistening lipoprotein that allow more rapid propagation of the impulse along the axon.

A

Myelin sheath

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6
Q

The thicker axons conduct impulses __________ than thinner ones because they are myelinated.

A

more rapidly

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7
Q

The primary means of contact by which the neuron elicits responses in target cells by a release of neurotransmitter.

A

Synapse

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependyma

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9
Q

The nueroglial cells that allow for neural plasticity and help brain adapt to injury.

A

Astrocytes

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10
Q

The neuroglial cells that form and maintain the myelin.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

The neuroglial cells that mediate immune response after injury or infection to the brain.

A

Microglia

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12
Q

These are the neuroglial cells forming the line ventricles in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Ependyma

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13
Q

The gray matter seen in the interior of the brain consisting of large groups of nerve cell bodies.

A

Subcortical nuclei

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14
Q

The organization of the 6 cell layers in the cerebral cortex.

A

cytoarchitecture of brain

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15
Q

The largest mass of brain tissue which has evolved into cerebral hemispheres, limbic system, and basal nuclei.

A

Cerebrum

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16
Q

A mass of white matter that connects that two cerebral hemispheres.

A

Corpus callosum

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17
Q

The cerebral hemispheres are important for communication, particularly the _____ where major neurologic mechanisms of speech and language are found.

A

left hemisphere

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18
Q

A groove-like depression that separates the gyri in the brain.

A

sulcus or fissure

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19
Q

The part of the cerebral hemispheres that activate muscles and initially receives sensory input.

A

primary cortical areas

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20
Q

Majority of this area is comprised in the long gyrus immediately anterior to the central sulcus (i.e., precentral gyrus).

A

area 4: primary motor cortex

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21
Q

It is responsible for the voluntary control of skeletal muscles on the contralateral side of the body.

A

primary motor area

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22
Q

These areas are important in motor learning and in the performance of routine and less practiced motor sequences.

A

area 6: ancillary motor area
OR
premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

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23
Q

The region of the brain important for the production of fluent, well-articulated speech located in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere.

A

areas 44 and 45: Broca’s area

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24
Q

The surrounding cortical tissue in the Broca’s area.

A

perisylvian zone

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25
Q

Region of the brain concerned with the control of the eyes.

A

area 8: frontal eye fields

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26
Q

It refers to the rest of the frontal lobe composed of the different type of cortical tissue with less-defined functional assignment.

A

association cortex

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27
Q

This region of the brain contains the association areas that are vital to successful executive functioning (planning, analysis, feedback, self-regulation, etc.).

A

areas 9, 10, 11, 46, and 47: prefrontal cortex

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28
Q

The region of the brain where somatosensory cortex is located.

A

parietal lobe

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29
Q

This refers to the majority portion of somatosensory cortex.

A

postcentral gyrus

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30
Q

Two gyro in the parietal lobe that are associated with language.

A

supramarginal gyrus (area 40) and angular gyrus (area 39)

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31
Q

Damage in this area may cause anomia, alexia with agraphia, disorientation, finger agnosia, acalculia.

A

angular gyrus in the left hemisphere

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32
Q

It refers to word-finding problems.

A

anomia

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33
Q

It refers to reading and writing deficits.

A

alexia and agraphia

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34
Q

It refers to the inability to identify the fingers.

A

finger agnosia

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35
Q

It refers to the difficulty with arithmetic.

A

acalculia

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36
Q

Language functions are concentrated in the _____ _________ lobe.

A

left parietal

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37
Q

In the non dominant (right) hemisphere, what is the primary function of the parietal lobe association cortex?

A

process spatial information and selective attention

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38
Q

The possible impact from a damage in the parietal lobe association cortex.

A

visuospatial and construction deficits; difficulty or complete neglect of the contralateral side of space

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39
Q

The seat of auditory processing in the brain.

A

temporal lobe

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40
Q

The transverse gyrus that forms the cortical center for hearing in each hemisphere.

A

Heschl’s gyrus

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41
Q

The cortical area responsible for conscious processing of impulses as “sound” allowing the perception of these sounds.

A

area 41: primary auditory cortex

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42
Q

What process and nerves has a role in detecting the presence of sounds?

A

peripheral hearing mechanism and auditory nerves

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43
Q

Unilateral damage in this area may result to difficulty interpreting a sound or locating a sound in space.

A

Areas 41 and/or 42

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44
Q

What possible damage can a bilateral lesions in the auditory cortex result to?

A

cortical deafness

45
Q

An area posterior to the superior temporal gyrus in the left temporal lobe, which is important to the development and use of language.

A

area 22: Wernicke’s area

46
Q

Deep brain areas important for memory function, located in the medial aspect of the temporal lobes.

A

hippocampal region and parahippocampal gyrus

47
Q

It is lobe where the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes come together including some of the oldest cortical tissue in the brain.

A

insula or island of Reil

48
Q

What is a possible effect to speech when damage in the insula in the left hemisphere happen?

A

difficulty producing well-articulated, fluent speech

49
Q

The lobe concerned with vision located behind the parietal lobe.

A

occipital lobe

50
Q

The occipital lobe is concerned with what function?

A

vision

51
Q

The cortex where neurologic components for understanding and producing language are found.

A

perisylvian zone

52
Q

The perisylvian zone is composed of what components.

A

Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, supramarginal and angular gyri, and major long association tracts.

53
Q

Long axons of neurons that send impulses to a distant structure in the CNS.

A

projection fibers

54
Q

The most notable projection fibers.

A

corticospinal fibers and corticobulbar fibers

55
Q

These project the primary motor cortex down to the spinal cord.

A

corticospinal fibers

56
Q

These project the primary motor cortex down to the cranial nerve nuclei.

A

corticobulbar fibers

57
Q

These project fibers from motor areas to the brainstem then down to the cerebellum.

A

corticopontine fibers

58
Q

These fibers form association tracts that connect areas within the hemisphere.

A

association fibers

59
Q

____ association fibers: within lobes
____ association fibers: between lobes

A

short; long

60
Q

It is Latin for “little man”, which shows the area of cortical representation through a map.

A

homunculus

61
Q

A name given to many of the association tracts important to language and speech, which means “little bundle”.

A

fasciculus

62
Q

The fasciculus significant for initiation of motor activity, spatial attention, gesture, and orofacial memory.

A

superior longitudinal fasciculus

63
Q

The fasciculus that contributes to the ability to recognize language and respond to it appropriately.

A

arcuate fasciculus

64
Q

The fasciculus in the ventral limbic path significant for processing novel information, self-regulation, and positive/negative evaluation of emotional information.

A

uncinate fasciculus

65
Q

The fasciculus significant for peripheral vision, visual motion perception, and visual-spatial processing.

A

superior fronto-occipital fasciculus

66
Q

The fasciculus that has a role with object recognition and discrimination, semantic processing, and emotional-cognitive interaction.

A

inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus

67
Q

The fasciculus significant for its role in object recognition, visual discrimination, and memory.

A

inferior longitudinal fasciculus

68
Q

The fasciculus involved in motivation and emotion as well as spatial working memory.

A

cingulum bundle

69
Q

The largest set of commissural fibers in the brain, which serves as a pathway of crucial importance to speech-language functions.

A

corpus callosum

70
Q

This area, involving the most primitive cortex, helps shape behavioral reaction to sensory input through analysis, reaction, and remembrance of stimuli.

A

Limbic system

71
Q

This arches over the corpus callosum, beginning at the anterior subcallosal area and arching back to the junction with the parahippocampal gyrus.

A

cingulate gyrus

72
Q

The knob or hooklike area of the parahippocampal gyrus.

A

uncus

73
Q

The second associative area of cortex that form an uninterrupted girdle around the medial and basal aspects of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

paralimbic areas

74
Q

The structures included in the paralimbic areas.

A

caudal orbitofrontal cortex
insula
temporal lobe
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate complex

75
Q

This region is composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, sub thalamus, and pituitary gland.

A

diencephalon

76
Q

This structure integrates all sensation except olfaction.

A

thalamus

77
Q

It control several aspects of emotional behavior (rage, aggression, escape behavior).

A

hypothalamus

78
Q

It helps regulate body temperature, food and water intake, and sexual and sleep behavior.

A

hypothalamus

79
Q

It consists of a large sub thalamic nucleus that is functionally considered a part of the basal ganglia.

A

sub thalamus

80
Q

This is the term used when putamen and globus pallidus are grouped.

A

lentiform or lenticular nucleus

81
Q

It refers to the large masses of gray matter deep within the cerebrum.

A

basal ganglia

82
Q

The term used when caudate and putamen are grouped together.

A

striatum

83
Q

The term used wen caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.

A

corpus striatum

84
Q

It transmits inhibitory impulses to the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra using GABA neurotransmitter.

A

striatum

85
Q

A long nucleus located in the midbrain but considered functionally part of the basal ganglia.

A

substantia nigra

86
Q

The two components of substantia nigra.

A

pars compacta and pars reticulata

87
Q

pars ______: reduce availability of dopamine: disorders associated with _______ (reduced motor movements)

A

compacta; hypokinesia

88
Q

The neurons of this nucleus use glutamate to, in normal motor function, inhibit firing by thalamic override.

A

sub thalamic nucleus

89
Q

When damage occurs to the basal ganglia resulting to abnormal increase in involuntary motor movements, what is this called?

A

hyperkinesia

90
Q

This is primary concerned with coordination of movements, postural stability and fixation, and learning novel motor act.

A

Cerebellum

91
Q

The brainstem has only three structures in terms of contemporary neuroanatomy.

A

mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, medulla oblongata

92
Q

The three regions of brainstem.

A

tectum, tegmentum, and basis

93
Q

These areas contain the the cranial nerve nuclei from which the axons of the cranial nerve exit the brain and become part of the PNS.

A

tegmental areas

94
Q

The areas of the brainstem that contain ascending and descending sensory and motor fibers.

A

basilar areas

95
Q

It is the narrowest part of the brainstem, located immediately below the thalamus and hypothalamus.

A

midbrain or mesencephalon

96
Q

The four swellings in the tectum responsible for being the way stations of auditory nervous system and visual nervous system.

A

colliculi

97
Q

The way stations for auditory nervous system.

A

inferior colliculi

98
Q

The way stations for visual nervous system.

A

superior colliculi

99
Q

A massive rounded structure that serves as connection to the hemispheres of the cerebellum.

A

pons

100
Q

The three cranial nerves that exit the brain from the pons.

A

V: trigeminal, VII: facial, and VIII: vestibulocochlear

101
Q

It is a rounded bulge that is an enlargement of the upper spinal cord.

A

medulla oblongata

102
Q

The large white band of descending axons that separates the caudate and putamen.

A

internal capsule

103
Q

It contains the neuronal and glial cell bodies, axons, and dendrites.

A

gray matter

104
Q

ventral gray matter: _____ horn cell: descending _______ tracts

A

anterior; motor

105
Q

dorsal cord:________ input

A

sensory

106
Q

It refers to the bundles of white matter with a common function.

A

tracts

107
Q

These are subconscious automatic stimulus response mechanisms as basic defense mechanisms to painful or damaging sensory stimulation.

A

Reflexes

108
Q

The mechanism by which as rapid response to noxious stimuli is processed quickly at the spinal level.

A

reflex arc

109
Q

A major part of the brain that appears as a series of structures that seem to be a upward extension of the spinal cord, thrust upward into the brain between cerebral hemispheres.

A

brainstem

Anatomy & Physiology for SLP (3 decks)

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