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A&P 1 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Nervous System is comprised of:

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

How many neurons are in the body?

A

100 Billion

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3
Q

How many dendritic synapses are on each neuron?

A

100 to 200,000

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4
Q

How many synapses are in the nervous system?

A

1 Trillion

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5
Q

What are axon branches called?

A

Collaterals

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6
Q

What is myelin sheath made of?

A

Schwann cells

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7
Q

Gaps between myelinated segments are called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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8
Q

Afferent nuron:

A

Sensory, Dorsal

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9
Q

Efferent Neuron:

A

Motor, Ventral

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10
Q

Interneurons are generally:

A

Inhibitory

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11
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Found in eyes, nose and ears
Have a single axon and a single dendrite extending from opposite sides of the cell

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12
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Found in ganglia outside CNS
Arising from a single short fiber extending from the cell body

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13
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Found in the brain and spinal cord
Have many nerve fibers arising from their cell bodies

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14
Q

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

Usually unipolar, although some are bipolar neurons

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Are multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

Are multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors

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17
Q

The peripheral nervous system breaks down into:

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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18
Q

The Autonomic nervous system breaks down into:

A

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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19
Q

What does the Somatic NS do?

A

Carries sensory information form sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor (movement) commands to muscles; controls voluntary movements

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20
Q

What does the Autonomic NS do?

A

Regulates involuntary bodily processes, including heart rate, respiration, digestion, and pupil contraction operates automatically without conscious direction

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21
Q

Lower regions of the brain control:

A

Automatic, instantaneous muscle responses

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22
Q

High regions of the brain control:

A

Deliberate complex muscle movements, thought processes

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23
Q

What is the “Reflex Arc”

A

Interneuron is used for a quick reflex

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24
Q

How much sensory information is discarded by the brain?

A

99% (clothing contact, background noise, etc.)

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25
Q

What are Glia?

A

Structural neurons in the brain

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26
Q

The side of the body (or spinal cord) opposite:

A

Contralateral

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27
Q

The same side of the body (or spinal cord):

A

Ipsilateral

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28
Q

What is it called when a nerve crosses to the other side?

A

It Decussates

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29
Q

Axo-somatic Synapse

A

The synapse between an axon and the soma (cell body)

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30
Q

Axo-dendritic Synapse

A

A synapse between an axon and a dendrite

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31
Q

Axo-axonic Synapse

A

A synapse between an axon and another axon

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32
Q

Neuropeptides are what size?

A

Big

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33
Q

Neurotransmitters are what size?

A

Small

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34
Q

Things that can happen to synapses

A

Facilitation, inhibition, disfacilitation, disinhibition

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35
Q

Where are neurotransmitters synthesiszed?

A

Within the presynaptic neuron

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36
Q

A biochemical mechanism for inactivation of a neurotransmitter

A

is always present

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37
Q

A ligand-gated ion channel is considered:

A

Ionotropic (e.g. nicotinic)

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38
Q

A G-protein-coupled receptor is considered:

A

metabotropic (e.g. muscarinic)

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39
Q

Open a Cation channel (Like Na+)

A

Excitatory transmitter

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40
Q

Open an anion channel (Like Cl-)

A

Inhibitory transmitters

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41
Q

Where are Neuropeptides synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

42
Q

Neuropeptides usually:

A

Slow actions, are larger molecules

43
Q

Synthesis of DOPA

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of Tyrosine into DOPA

44
Q

The rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis is?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

45
Q

Synthesis of Dopamine

A

DOPA decarboxylase decarboxylizes DOPA into Dopamine

46
Q

Synthesis of Norepinephrine

A

Dopamine is converted by Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) into Norepinephrine

47
Q

Synthesis of Epinephrine

A

Norepinephrine is converted by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) into Epinephrine

48
Q

5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT, serotonin) Synthesis

A

tryptophan
tryptophan hydroxylase
5-hydroxytryptophan
decarboxylase
5-hydroxytryptamin (5-HT, serotonin)

49
Q

Synthesis of GABA

A

glutamate is decarboxylated by glutamate decarboxylate into GABA

50
Q

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) Metabolism

A

GABA
GABA-glutamate transaminase
succinate semialdehyde
succinate-semialdehyde-dehydrogenase
into succinate

51
Q

GABA is:

A

The major inhibitory transmitter in the brain

52
Q

glutamate is:

A

the major excitatory transmitter in the brain

53
Q

Norepinephrine metabolism

A

If metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) initially it is changed into dihydroxymandelic acid and then is converted to Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

if metabolized by COMT initially it is changed into Normethanephrine and then metabolized into VMA by MAO

54
Q

Epinephrine metabolism

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)
dihydroxymandelic acid
Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)
catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Or

COMT
Metanephrine
MAO
VMA

55
Q

How many kinds of neurotransmitters are produced by the nervous system

A

At least 50

56
Q

Acetylcholine action (e.g.):

A

Voluntary movement of the muscles

57
Q

Epinephrine action (e.g.)

A

“fight or flight”

58
Q

Norepinephrine action (e.g.)

A

Wakefulness or arousal

59
Q

Dopamine action (e.g.)

A

Voluntary movement and emotional arousal

60
Q

Serotonin action (e.g.)

A

Memory, emotions, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation

61
Q

GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) action (e.g.)

A

Motor behavior

62
Q

Glutamate action (e.g.)

A

Excitatory relative of GABA

63
Q

Glycine action (e.g.)

A

Spinal reflexes and motor behavior

64
Q

Neuromodulators action (e.g.)

A

sensory transmission - especially pain

65
Q

Nerve Organization

A

Nerve - Fascicle - bundle of nerve fibers - single nerve fiber

66
Q

Nerves can be:

A

sensory, motor, or mixed carrying both sensory and motor fibers

67
Q

Actual somatic receptors (big multi-celled structures which collect External data and send it via the nerves to the CNS) are represented by:

A

Big “R” Receptors

68
Q

Receptors (the tiny intracellular structures that respond to some signal)

A

Small “r” receptors

69
Q

Neuronal reflexes in the cord can assist with:

A

Walking, Withdrawal reflex, Balancing reflex, Autonomic reflex

70
Q

The cold is not just a telephone wire it clearly has its own primitive __________ ___________?

A

Memory circuits

71
Q

Arterial pressure, Respirations, Equilibrium, Salivation, Emotions, are all considered?

A

Subconscious activities

72
Q

Considered lower brain/Sub cortical level where “Subconscious Activities” happen:

A

Medulla, Pons, Mesencephalon, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Cerebellum, & Basal Ganglia.

73
Q

Higher brain/ Cortical level:

A

“Memory Storehouse” Functions with the lower Bain, cannot function alone, Precise, Thought process.

74
Q

Aa:

A

Motor, Myelinated, Large (Muscle control)

75
Q

Aa/B:

A

Sensory, Myelinated, Large (Touch, Vibration, Position perception)

76
Q

A gamma:

A

Sensory, Thinly myelinated, Small (Cold perception, Pain

77
Q

C:

A

Sensory, Un-myelinated, Small (Warm perception, Pain)

78
Q

A gamma:

A

Autonomic, Thinly myelinated, Small (HR, B/P, Sweating, GIT, GUT, Function)

79
Q

C:

A

Autonomic, Un-myelinated, Small (HR, B/P, Sweating, GIT, GUT, Function)

80
Q

What is the “labeled line” principle?

A

One nerve fiber only has one type of receptor and only carries one type of sensation (Pain, Temperature, Touch, etc.). If activated, it will only carry this sensation regardless of the manner in which it is stimulated. Thus, each axon could be “labeled” as a specific sensation going to a specific location in the brain.

81
Q

What is the Law of projection?

A

Each nerve fiber if stimulated, (anywhere along its entire length) the stimulus is perceived as if it is coming from its point of origin.

82
Q

What is “Population Coding”

A

In populating coding, one cell can encode more than one sensory modality, and it is the combination of many cells that make up the perception. An example of this is color vision. Each color photoreceptor is most sensitive to a specific color (blue, green, or red), but a range of wavelengths can elicit changes in firing rates in the neuron. Therefore, the responses from a population of color photoreceptors must be combined to perceive the full spectrum of color.

Higher level processing of taste and olfaction also uses population coding – sometimes the sense of smell is needed in addition to the sense of taste to fully perceive a flavor. Have you ever been congested from a cold and food just doesn’t taste the same? That’s due to this combining of the senses for a full perception.

83
Q

FabFive “R” Receptors - what Receptor responds to touch or pressure?

A

Mechanoreceptors

84
Q

FabFive “R” Receptors - what Receptor responds to heat or cold?

A

Thermoreceptors

85
Q

FabFive “R” Receptors - what Receptor detects tissue damage?

A

Nociceptors

86
Q

FabFive “R” Receptors - what Receptor detects change in body chemistry?

A

Chemoreceptors

87
Q

FabFive “R” Receptors - what Receptor detect emitted electromagnetic radiation (i.e. light)

A

Electromagnetic Receptors

88
Q

How many and what types of thermoreceptors are there?

A

Cold receptors and Warm receptors

89
Q

Are there more “cold spots” or warm spots”?

A

There are 3 to 10 more “cold spots” than “warm spots”

90
Q

What does a Nociceptor sense?

A

Responds to potentially damaging stimuli by sending nerve signals to the spinal cord and brain. this process, called nociceptoin usually causes the perception of pain.

91
Q

Water are Nociceptor free nerve endings found?

A

Viscera, material walls, periosteum, skin, organ capsules, and joint surfaces.

92
Q

Characteristics of FAST nerve fibers:

A

Bigger, Myelinated, Type A

93
Q

Characteristics of SLOW nerve fibers:

A

Small, Unmyelinated, Type C

94
Q

What receptors “never adapt”

A

Chemoreceptors and fee nerve endings

95
Q

Spatial summation

A

a lot of stimuli from a lot of DIFFERENT places

96
Q

Temporal summation

A

A lot of stimuli form ONE place that occur closely spaced in time

97
Q

What is it called when - A single neuron within a pool receives impulses from two or more fibers which makes it possible for the neuron to summate impulses from different sources?

A

Convergence

98
Q

What is it called when - Impulses leaving a neuron in a pool are passed into several output fibers, a pattern that serves to amplify an impulse?

A

Divergence

99
Q

What is it called when a neuron provides both excitatory and inhibitory input simultaneously, stimulating excitatory synapses on one neuron and inhibitory on another?

A

Reciprocal inhibition (e.g. patellar tendon (knee jerk) reflex)

100
Q

Oscillatory circuits are important for:

A

Neuronal pools that must fire repeatedly (cardiac, respiratory, and vascular controls)

101
Q

Oscillatory circuits - Interneurons:

A

Serve to modulate responses (add shades of gray-modulation)

102
Q

Oscillatory circuits - Nerves can:

A

re-excite themselves, and also inhibit themselves

A&P 1 (10 decks)

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