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Animal Physiology Exam 2 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a nervous system?

A

-A network of:
neurons [cells with electrical activity]
support (glial) cells [no electrical activity]
-Signals pass from sensory receptors/neurons and integrated. New signals are generated and conducted through neurons to the effector cells.

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2
Q

Sensory neuron gets info from? Sends info to?

A

Gets info from the internal/external environment and sends it to the CNS

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3
Q

Where are interneurons?

A

Within the CNS

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4
Q

The CNS is made up of?

A

Spinal cord and Brain

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5
Q

Motor neuron gets info from? Sends info to?

A

Gets info from the interneurons and sends it to the body of effector cells (part of the body that needs to be activated)

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6
Q

Efferent

A

Away from

“Motor”

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7
Q

Afferent

A

To

“Sensory”

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8
Q

The Nervous System is broken into two sections:

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (CPNS)

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9
Q

The CPNS has two subsections:

A

Autonomic

Somatic

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Automatic, involves visceral organs such as reproductive and the digestive tract

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11
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Nonvisceral organs, voluntary

Ex: muscles, skin

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12
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into three sections:

A

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Enteric

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13
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Excitory/Stimulatory

“Rest and Digest”

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14
Q

Sympathetic

A

Inhibitory

“Fight or Flight”

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15
Q

What are the 4 functions of the nervous system?

A

-Regulate muscle contraction
-Regulate secretions from glands
-Gather info about external/internal environment
>maintain homeostasis
>detect pain, pressure, chemical [ ] s
-Stimulate thirst, hunger and other survival mechanisms

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16
Q

Two Key Characteristics of the CNS

A

-Centralization: integrating area (incoming messages go to CNS, outcoming messages originate from CNS
“CONTROL CENTER”
-Cephalization: structures concentrated towards head
Allows animal to be more responsive to their environment (Most animals walk on all fours, head is first to react to new environment)
“SURVIVAL ADVANTAGE”

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17
Q

Cerebral Cortex (2)

A
  • Incoming/Outgoing Messages

- Higher sensory, motor and integrative functions

18
Q

Hippocampus

A

Learning and memory

19
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Motor control

20
Q

Limbic System

A

Emotions

21
Q

Thalamus (3)

A
  • Major sensory relay
  • Where info gets initially organized
  • Directs messages to/from cerebral cortex
22
Q

Hypothalamus (3)

A
  • Regulates body temperature
  • Communicates with the endocrine system
  • Homeostatic and endocrine regulation / circadian clock
23
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor Coordination

24
Q

Medulla

A

Autonomic and respiratory control

25
Q

Brainstem

A

Regulates RR and HR

26
Q

What does the nervous system help animals do? (4)

A
  • Regulate muscle contraction
  • Regulate secretions from glands
  • Gather information about the external/internal environment
  • Stimulate thirst, hunger, and other survival mechanisms
27
Q

2 Types of Neural Circuits in the Spinal Cord

A
  • Local

- Ascending/Descending

28
Q

Describe the LOCAL neural circuit

A
  • Sensory neurons, interneurons and motor neurons all in the same segment
  • Control the output of that segment
  • Primitive reflexes
29
Q

Describe the ASCENDING/DESCENDING neural circuit

A

-Communication to/from the brain for higher integration

30
Q

What is grey matter?

A

Cell bodies, synapses, unmyelinated axons

31
Q

What is white matter?

A

Tracts of myelinated axons

-Ascending and decending

32
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS

33
Q

What are nuclei?

A

Groups of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

34
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neuron axons in the peripheral nervous system

 - Cranial nerves
 - Spinal nerves
35
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A grouping of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

36
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Any nervous tissue located outside of the brain and spinal cord

 - Sensing the environment
 - Activating tissue/organ responses
37
Q

Which neurons carry information from the peripheral nervous system towards to central
nervous system?

A

Sensory Neuron

38
Q

This part of the brain communicates closely with the endocrine system:

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

This part of the brain is the area where the majority of integration and processing occurs
in the brain (ie. taking in all the incoming messages, organizing them and generating a
response):

A

Cerebral Cortex

40
Q

The two types of neural circuits involving the spinal cord are the _________________
which carry information to/from the brain and the __________________ which carry
information to/from the periphery.

A

To/From brain - Ascending/Descending Circuits

To/From Periphery - Local Circuits

41
Q

Which neurons carry information from the peripheral nervous system away from the central
nervous system?

A

Motor Neurons

Animal Physiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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