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PT 9111 > Organization of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Organization of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two divisions of the peripheral NS

A

autonomic (communicates with internal organs and glands
somatic (communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles)

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2
Q

what are the two divisions of the somatic NS

A

sensory (afferent) - sensory input
motor (efferent) - motor output

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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic NS

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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4
Q

what is the peripheral NS composed of

A

peripheral, cranial and spinal nerves that carry information to and from the CNS

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5
Q

what are the 7 basic parts of the CNS

A

spinal cord, medulla, pons
midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon
cerebral hemispheres

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6
Q

what three structures make up the brainstem

A

medulla, pons and midbrain

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7
Q

what two structures make up the diencephalon

A

thalamus (relay station that sends info where it needs to go) and hypothalamus

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8
Q

what two structures make up the forebrain

A

cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

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9
Q

as you go from the brainstem to the cerebral hemispheres how does the information that is carried change

A

it gets more specific
- damage to the brainstem is often fatal because it’s involved in basic survival functions
- stroke higher up causes more specific impairments

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10
Q

what are the two-way conduction pathways the spinal cord provides

A

motor control to body from brain (descending)
sensory perception from body (ascending)

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11
Q

what two types of innervation is the spinal cord involved in

A

sensory and motor

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12
Q

what is the function of the brainstem

A

relays information from the spinal cord to the cerebrum and cerebellum
regulates vital functions (breathing, consciousness, control of body temp)
- has many tracts that run through it

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13
Q

what key functions does the reticular formation serve and what three brain structures does the reticular formation span

A

pain, visceral function, posture, sleep/wakefulness
muscle tone, eye movements, behavioural arousal
spans the pons, medulla and midbrain
- the reticular formation has strong connections to multiple areas

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14
Q

what is the basic functional unit and what are the two types of circuits it forms

A

the neuron
relay circuits (convey information from one spot to another)
reflex circuits (in the spinal cord and allow quick responses)
- stress has an impact on our reflex circuits (reflexes become amplified when stressed)

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15
Q

compare and contrast neurons and supporting cells

A

neurons are specialized for electrical signalling over distances
supporting cells are not capable of signalling but instead support the function of the neurons (outnumber neurons 3:1)
neurons and glial cells differ in structure, chemistry and function

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16
Q

why is there variability in how neurons are structured

A

important for different functions, adaptability and efficiency

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17
Q

there is diversity among nerve cells but how are they similar

A

their basic structure (cell bodies are the same as other cells in the body)

18
Q

how are cell bodies specialized for communication

A

overall morphology (different features of cell bodies allowing for specialization)
structural and functional details of synaptic contacts (number of dendrites changes in different neurons)
specialization of membranes for electrical signalling

19
Q

the number of inputs a neuron receives depends on what

A

the number of dendrites there are
- wide range of number of dendrites (1-100,000)

20
Q

what is the fundamental purpose of the nerve cell

A

to integrate information from other neurons

21
Q

what do dendrites play a role in and what do they determine

A

synaptic plasticity (neurons that consistently fire together have stronger connections)
determine when cells fire and the frequency of firing

22
Q

how many extensions does a unipolar neuron have and what is it an example of

A

one extension from the cell body
an interneuron

23
Q

how many extensions does a bipolar neuron have and what is it an example of

A

two
sensory neuron

24
Q

what is a multipolar neuron an example of

A

a motor neuron

25
Q

what is the purpose of the axon and in what ways do axons vary

A

integrate information at axon hillock and conduct a signal down the axon
variability in diameter, length, presence of myelin
- myelin and diameter play a role in conduction speed

26
Q

where does plasticity occur

A

at the synapse of the axon terminal
changes in the structure or number of receptors in post synaptic terminal changes the response

27
Q

what are the functions of neuroglial cells and what do they lack compared to neurons

A

maintain ionic milieu of nerve cells (uptake of K to allow signalling to continue)
modulate rate of signal propagation
control uptake of NTs
provide a foundation for development
aid in recovery from neural injury (eat up dead cell and debris)
lack axons and dendrites
- neuroglial cells are susceptible to cancers

28
Q

name the types of neuroglial cells in the peripheral NS (2) and central NS (4)

A

peripheral: satellite cells, Schwann cells
central: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

29
Q

what are the functions of satellite cells and Schwann cells

A

satellite: support and regeneration
Schwann: form myelin sheath in the peripheral NS

30
Q

what are the functions of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

A

oligodendrocytes: form myelin in the CNS
astrocytes: play a role in the blood brain barrier
microglia: regeneration and recovery by removing debris
ependymal: line fluid filled areas (ventricles and spinal cord) to maintain balance of chemicals in CSF

31
Q

how can brain injury affect glial cell activity

A

increases in the number and activity which can be good or bad
overactivity can cause formation of plaques and scars which can prevent signalling from occurring

32
Q

describe the characteristics of an oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell (location, # of processes, nodes of ranvier distance)

A

oligodendrocyte: found in the CNS, multiple processes and coils around several axons, widely spaces node of ranvier resulting in faster conduction
Schwann: found in PNS, associated with one nerve only, nodes of ranvier close together resulting in slower conduction

33
Q

what is MS, what are the symptoms of it, and which areas are most affected

A

a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS causing nerves to fatigue rapidly
paralysis and intention tremor, scanning speech, nystagmus
optic nerves, periventricular white matter, spinal cord, cerebral peduncles

34
Q

in MS, the demyelinated areas become filled with what and what does this cause

A

filled with astrocytes causing proliferation of neuroglial tissue which leads to the development of plaque/scars which hinder/prevent conduction

35
Q

list the differences in the CNS and PNS with regards to
1. where cell bodies are found
2. how axons travel
3. which cells provide myelination

A

CNS: (1) in nuclei, (2) travel as tracts, (3) oligodendrocytes
PNS: (1) in ganglia, (2) travel in bundles called nerves, (3) Schwann cells

36
Q

what is gray matter
what is white matter

A

regions of the brain and spinal cord that contain nerve cell bodies
myelinated axons

37
Q

what are neuropils

A

dendrites and terminal branches of axons surrounding neuron cell bodies

38
Q

T or F: neurons function in isolation

A

F, groups of neurons form the foundation for sensation, perception and movement

39
Q

what do interneurons do

A

connect afferent and efferent neurons in the spine
modulate response of large circuits
allowing information to travel up to the brain

40
Q

explain the functional neural circuit (stepping on tack example)
how can descending information change this response

A

information comes in centrally and synapses on an interneuron which then synapses onto a motor neuron to cause a withdrawal response
initial reaction to stepping on something may cause a reflexive response but descending information can augment that response

41
Q

give an example of an interruption to a neural circuit and explain how it happens

A

disc herniation
pressure on the nerve root from bulging disc interrupts signalling causing pain and weakness

PT 9111 (23 decks)

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