Aging Flashcards
define chronological, biological, psychological, and social age
chronological: how many years you have been alive
biological: how old our body is
psychological: do you feel older or younger than your chronological age
social: how you belong to society or a community
who does young old describe
who does old describe
who does old old describe
young old: 65-75 able to do all ADL, have independence
old: 75-85, normal age related changes, start to have trouble with ADL
old old: > 85, need assistance performing ADL
how is the population changing in Finland
what was the population like in 1917
is this similar to the trend happening in Canada
how is the global population predicted to change in the future
people are living longer so there are more older people, fewer babies
few old people and more babies
yes
world population will increase because people live longer and more babies are being born
how has life expectancy changed from 2016 to 2021
what was the average life expectancy in 2021
in which countries is there shorter life expectancies and why
it’s increased
81 years
African countries because of differences in SES, access to shelter/clean water/healthcare/food
define healthy life years/disability free life expectancy
define centenarians
T or F: morbidity starts at the same biological age for both centenarians and normal people
the number of years a person is expected to continue to live in a healthy condition
age slow and develop diseases late but don’t receive medical care when diseases develop (biological age less than chronological age)
- receive less medical care because the availability of medical care decreases with chronological age
T
define primary and secondary aging
primary: universal age related changes within a species that are independent of disease or environmental influence (happens to everyone)
secondary: clinical symptoms and includes the effects of environment and disease
how does height and body weight change with age
height: decline 5cm due to intervertebral discs becoming thin, decreases in ligament flexibility, forward bending posture and fwd shoulder posture
weight: decline in lean mass, loss of body water, increase in fat mass, decrease in basal metabolic rate
how does vision, hearing and the nose and mouth change with age
vision: skin around eyes change, less transparent lens of eye, pupils decrease in size, tear production slows, vision loss
hearing: hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss
nose/mouth: smell diminishes, decreased sensation of thirst
how does the skeleton change with age
define osteopenia and osteoporosis
increased bone resorption over bone formation, decreased bone mineral density, increase in skeletal instability
osteopenia: lower than normal bone mass (less severe than osteoporosis)
osteoporosis: health condition that weakens bones making them fragile and more likely to break, develops slowly
how do muscles change as we age
what changes do the joints undergo
define sarcopenia
decreased muscle mass, elasticity, strength, endurance, coordination, size of muscle fibres
increased reaction time, more slow twitch fibres, less fast twitch fibres
degenerative changes in joints causing stiffness, pain and loss of ROM
loss of muscle mass and function caused by natural aging process and is characterized by muscle weakness
how does the brain change with age
neurons degenerate
loss of brain mass
synthesis and metabolism of NTs reduced
nerve transmission slows (take longer to respond and react)
memory, hearing, balance, vision, smell and taste acuity are impaired
how does the lymphatic system change with age
macrophage activity slows, wound healing delayed, ability to develop fever diminishes, inflammation occurs frequently causing increased risk for infection
how does the respiratory system change with age
muscles of respiration become less flexible and breathing requires more energy
dyspnea on exertion/stress
effectiveness of cough mechanism lessens increasing risk of lung infection
the number of functioning alveoli decreases and alveoli thicken
how do structural changes in the skeleton affect diaphragmatic expansion
how does costal cartilage change with age and what does this cause
the incidence of what respiratory disorder increases with age
decreases expansion
costal cartilage calcifies so the ribs are less mobile which causes increased energy of breathing, airway resistance, increased dead space, decreased O2 uptake by cells
sleep apnea
how does the heart change with age (myocardial and valvular changes)
myocardial: increased myocardial mass, left ventricular wall thickness, deposition of collagen
valvular: increased thickness of aortic and mitral leaflets, circumference of all 4 valves, calcification of mitral annulus
how does the heart change with age (arterial and HR)
arterial: increased intimal thickness and collagen content
HR: decreased resting HR, maximal HR during exercise, decreased HR variability and sinus node intrinsic rate
how does the heart change with age (left ventricular systolic and left ventricular diastolic)
systolic: unchanged cardiac output, increased SV
diastolic: increased early diastolic left ventricular filling
how does the cardiovascular system change with age
cardiac output and recovery time decline
BF to all organs decreases
arterial elasticity decreases causing increased BP
veins dilate and superficial vessels become more prominent
how does the digestive system change with age (stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver)
stomach: decreased motility and increased pH
small: decreased absorption
large: decreased motility
liver: decreased BF
define frailty
frailty is associated with increased risk of what 5 things
a state of increased vulnerability resulting from aging associated decline in reserve and function across multiple systems such that the ability to cope with stressors is compromised
deteriorating health, functional decline, falls, hospital and long term care, death
what are the 5 criteria of frailty
low grip strength, low energy, slowed walking speed, low PA, unintentional weight loss
define active and successful aging
active: maximizing opportunities of being healthy and participating in activities to enhance QOL
successful: low probability of disease and disease related disability, high cognitive and physical functional capacity, active engagement with life
define healthy, productive, active and successful aging
healthy: process of developing and maintaining the functional ability that enables wellbeing in older age
productive: regards older adults engagement in working and volunteering as an asset that lessens problems associated with burgeoning older population
define functional ability
functional ability is the ability to do what 5 things
having the capability to enable people to be and do what they value
meet basic needs, learn/grow and make decisions, be mobile, build/maintain relationships, contribute to society
how does functional capacity over the life course change
what happens if your functional capacity declines quickly
high functional capacity in childhood, peaks as a young adult, declines as you age
you reach the disability threshold and need assistance with ADLs
describe the development process of functional limitations (which tasks become difficult first)
give examples of physiological basic functions
walking and moving become difficult, then difficulty doing instrumental daily activities, difficulty doing basic daily activities
muscle strength, balance, aerobic capacity, joint mobility
explain the model of PA, exercise and functional fitness
how do PA and exercise differ
PA and exercise are a behaviour which leads to functional fitness
PA is daily activities and exercise planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements with a goal of improving physical fitness performance
define functional fitness
what does physical and functional fitness predict
having the capacity to perform normal everyday activities safely and independently without undue fatigue
disability, dependence, hospitalization, morbidity and mortality
explain the expanded version of the model of PA, exercise and functional fitness
our behaviour (PA) and performance (functional fitness) produce health and skill related fitness which we need for basic ADL and instrumental ADL
what items would you use to test physical performance
what 4 things can we measure to assess PA
short physical performance battery, sit to stand, timed up and go test
lying, sitting, standing, locomotion
how do older people describe their mental well being related to PA
T or F: cognitive function contributes to functional decline and eventual development of physical disability
enjoyment and fulfillment, functioning and independence, awareness, shifted perspectives and values
T
what can be effective in improving cognitive function in old patients during acute hospitalization
what does this finding support the need for
an individualized, multicomponent exercise training program
a shift from the traditional bed rest based hospitalization to one that recognizes the important role of maintaining functional and cognitive capacity
T or F: independently of health status, older patients with lower levels of social support place greater demands on ambulatory care
F
what are the PA guidelines for 65+ individuals
sufficient restorative sleep
breaks to sedentary behaviour
light PA as often as possible
2.5 hrs of moderate PA, 1hr 15 mins of vigorous PA
muscle strengthening/balance/flexibility activities twice a week
