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Anatomy and Physiology I > Organization of the Human Body > Flashcards

Organization of the Human Body Flashcards

1. Form and function 2. Hierarchy of structures 3. Requirements for life 4. Homeostasis and feedback 5. Anatomical terms, directions, regions, and planes

1
Q

Placement of a structure along the axis of the body ABOVE

A

Superior

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2
Q

Placement of a structure along the axis of the body BELOW

A

Inferior

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3
Q

TOWARDS the midline

A

Medial

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4
Q

AWAY from the midline

A

Lateral

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5
Q

Most FORWARD of the body

A

Anterior

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6
Q

Towards the BACKSIDE of the body

A

Posterior

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7
Q

Study of the STRUCTURE of body parts and their relationship to one another

A

Anatomy

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8
Q

Study of the FUNCTION of the body parts; how they WORK to carry out life sustaining activities

A

Physiology

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9
Q

Subdivisions of anatomy

A

Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy

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10
Q

Study of LARGE, VISIBLE structures

A

Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy

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11
Q

Deals with structure TOO SMALL to be seen by the naked eye

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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12
Q

Microscopic study of CELLS

A

Cytology

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13
Q

Microscopic study of TISSUES

A

Histology

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14
Q

Studies ANATOMICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL development

A

Developmental Anatomy

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15
Q

Study of developments BEFORE BIRTH

A

Embryology

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16
Q

Human body organization: atoms, molecules, organelles

A

Chemical Level

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17
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms, molecules, organelles

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18
Q

Human body organization: single cell

A

Cellular Level

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19
Q

Human body organization: groups of similar cells

A

Tissue Level

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20
Q

Human body organization: contains two or more types of tissues

A

Organ Level

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21
Q

Human body organization: organs that work closely together

A

Organ System Level

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22
Q

Human body organization: all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

A

Organismal Level

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23
Q

Separation between external and internal environments must exist

A

Maintaining Boundaries

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24
Q

Forms the EXTERNAL BODY COVERINGS and protects deeper tissues from injury

A

Integumentary System

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25
Q

Protects and supports body organs, and provides framework for muscles

A

Skeletal System

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26
Q

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat

A

Muscular System

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27
Q

Fast-acting control system of the body, it
responds to internal and external changes by activating
appropriate muscles and glands

A

Nervous System

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28
Q

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes
such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells.

A

Endocrine System

29
Q

Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart
pumps blood.

A

Cardiovascular System

30
Q

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it
to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream.
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity.
The immune response mounts the attack against
foreign substances within the body.

A

Lymphatic System

31
Q

Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and
removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges
occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs.

A

Respiratory System

32
Q

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for distribution to body cells and Indigestible
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

A

Digestive System

33
Q

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of
the blood.

A

Urinary System

34
Q

Overall function is production of offspring.

A

Reproductive System

35
Q

Chemicals for energy and cell building

A

Nutrients

36
Q

Major source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

37
Q

Needed for cell building and cell chemistry

A

Protein

38
Q

long-term energy storage
minerals and vitamins: involved in
chemical reactions as well as for
structural purposes

A

Fats

39
Q

Essential for release of energy from foods

A

Oxygen

40
Q

Most abundant chemical in body; provides the
watery environment needed for chemical
reactions

A

Water

41
Q

If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C,

rates of chemical reactions are affected

A

Normal Body Temperature

42
Q

Specific pressure of air is needed for
adequate breathing and gas exchange in
lungs

A

Appropriate atmospheric pressure

43
Q

the maintenance of relatively stable
internal conditions despite continuous changes in
environment

A

Homeostasis

44
Q

factors that can change (blood

sugar, body temperature, blood volume, etc.)

A

Variables

45
Q

Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

A

Receptors

46
Q

Determines set point at which variable is
maintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response

A

Control center

47
Q

Provides the means to respond
Response either reduces stimulus
(negative feedback) or enhances
stimulus (positive feedback)

A

Effector

48
Q

Variable changes in opposite

direction of initial change

A

Negative Feedback

49
Q

Response enhances or exaggerates the

original stimulus

A

Positive Feedback

50
Q

If negative feedback mechanisms become
overwhelmed, destructive positive feedback
mechanisms may take over

A

Disturbance of Homeostasis

51
Q

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing

forward with thumbs pointing away from body

A

Anatomical Position

52
Q

Two major divisions of body : Head, neck, trunk

A

Axial

53
Q

Two major divisions of body : Limbs

A

Appendicular

54
Q

Divides body vertically into right and left parts

A

Sagittal Plane

55
Q 
Divides body vertically into anterior and
posterior parts (front and back)
A

Frontal Plane

56
Q

Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical
plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and
bottom)

A

Transverse Plane

57
Q

Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to

vertical plane

A

Oblique Section

58
Q

Protects fragile nervous system Two subdivisions

A

Dorsal Body Cavity

59
Q

Encases brain

A

Cranial Cavity

60
Q

Encases spinal cord

A

Vertebral Cavity

61
Q

Houses the internal organs

A

Ventral Cavity

62
Q

Houses the the pleural cavities, mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity

A

Thoracic Cavity

63
Q

Cavity that surrounds the lung

A

Pleural Cavity

64
Q

surrounds the pericardial cavity and the rest of the thoracic organs

A

Mediastinum

65
Q

Encloses the heart

A

Pericardial Cavity

66
Q

Thin, double-layered membranes
that cover surfaces in ventral body
cavity

A

Serosa

67
Q

Pericardium

A

Heart

68
Q

Pleurae

A

Lungs

Anatomy and Physiology I (5 decks)

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