Organization Of The Human Body Flashcards
Homestasis definition:
regulating internal environment
Atonomy definition:
the science of structure and its relationship with other structure
Physiology definition:
the science of body functions
How many levels of organism in the human body?
6 (chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal)
Chemical level definition:
Smallest unit of matter that particiate in chemical reaction
What is the smallest living unit in the human body?
Cells
Cellular level definition:
the basic structure and functional units of organism
Chemical level example
Atoms, molecules. DNA, hemoglobin, glucose
Cellular level example
Muscle, nerve, blood cells
Tissue level definition
Group of cells and materials that work together to perform a particular task
What are tissue made up of?
Cells
Tissue level example
Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous tissue
Organ level definition:
Different kinds of tissues joined together to form body structure
What is a unique trait about organs?
They have a recognizable shape and are composed of 2 different types of tissues to perform a particular task
Organ example
Stomach, liver, heart, lungs, and brain
System level definition:
Relating organs that have a common function
What is the integumentary system made up of?
Skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glandsand subcutaneous layer (under the skin)
Integumentary system function?
Regulate temp, protect body, eliminate waste and feel sensations
How many systems are there?
11 (integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system)
What is the skeletal system made up of?
Bones, joint and cartilage
Skeletal system function
Support and protect body, support muscle attachment and movement
What is the muscular system made up of?
Skeletal muscle tissue
Muscular system function
Help body move
What is the nervous system made up of?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ears and eyes
Nervous system function
Regulate body by detecting changes and respond to them through contractions and relaxation
What is the endocrine system made up of?
All the tissues and glands that produce hormones (hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,adrenal gland, pancreas, testis and ovary)
Endocrine system function
Regulate body activity through hormones transported by blood to organs
What is the cardiovascular system made up of?
Blood, heart, and blood vessel
Cardiovascular system function
Pump blood, regulate oxygen, acidity, temp, water, defeat diseases and clot blood vessels
What is the lymphatic system and immunity made up of?
tissues and organs that help protect the body from infection and disease.(Tonsils, adenoids, thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes.
Lymphatic system and immunity function
keep the bodys fluid levels in balance and defend the body against infections.
What is the respiratory system made up of?
Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes
Respiratory system function
Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide and flow air through lungs and vocal cord
What is the digestive system made up of?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, rectum, salivary gland, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and anus
Digestive system function
Break down food physically and chemically, absorb nutrients and eliminate waste
What is the urinary system made up of?
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
Urinary system function
Produce, store and eliminate waste
What is the reproductive system made up of?
Testes, ovaries, uterus, vagina, deferens, and penis
Reproductive system function
Form a new organism and release hormones
System level definition:
Relating organs that have a common function
Organismal level
One human being (you!)
What is the largest level of organization?
Organismal level
What are the important life processes of humans?
Metabolism, responsive, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
Metabolism definitions:
Chemical processes that occur in the body
Responsiveness definition:
The body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its environment
Movement definition:
Motion of the whole body
Growth definition:
1) increase in body size, 2) increase number of cells and surroundings cells
Differentiation definition:
Unspecialized cells become specialized cells
Reproduction definition:
1) the formation of new cells for growth, repair or replacement, 2) a new baby
What are the 2 controll systems?
Nervous and endocrine systems
Nervous system function:
Detects changes and sends messages (nerve impulses) to fix the change
How is homeostasis maintained?
Through a feedback system
Feedback system:
Is the cycle of the body being constantly monitored , evaluated, and changed
What is a distruptor of homeostasis called
A stimulus
What are the 3 basic components of a feedback system
Receptor, control center and effector
Receptor
A body structure (nerve ending) that monitors for change and sends information (input) to control center
Control center
(Brain) receives the messages and makes plans (output)
Effector
(Every organ/tissue) receives output and acts out the output
Negative feedback system definition:
Tries to reverse the change in a controlled condition over a stable and long period by doing the opposite
Positive feedback system definition:
Tries to strengthen/reinforce change in the body’s controlled condition
Disorder definition:
Any abnormalities of structure/function
Disease definition:
Recognizable set of signs and symptoms
Symptoms definition:
Subjective changes in the body that are not apparent to an observer
Signs definition:
Objective changes that are observable and measurable
Again definition:
The body’s inability to maintain homeostasis
Prone definition:
Stomach on ground
Supine definition:
Spine on ground
What consists of the head
Skull and facial features
How many regions is the body divided into?
5 (head, neck, trunk, upper limb, lower limb)
What does the trunk consist of?
Chest abdomen and pelvis
What does the upper limb consist of?
Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist and hand
What does the lower limb consist of?
Buttock, thigh, leg, ankle and foot
Superior definition:
Towards the head/upper structure
Inferior definition:
Away from the head/lower structure
Anterior/ventrical definition:
Near the front of body
Posterior/dorsal definition:
Near the back of body
Medial definition:
Near the midline
Lateral definition:
Away from midline
Intermediate definition:
Between 2 structures
Ipsilateral definition:
Same side
Contralateral definition
Opposite side of the body
Proximal definition:
Near the trunk of body
Distal definition:
Away from trunk of body
Superficial definition:
Surface of the body
Internal definition:
Inside of the body
How many major planes are there?
4 (Sagittal, frontal, transverse, and oblique)
What does the Sagittal plane do?
It divides the body to left and right side
What does (Mid)Sagittal plane do?
Divides the body into equal left and right sides
What does (para)Sagittal plane do?
Divides the body into unequal left and right sides
What does the frontal plane do?
Divides the body into front and back
What does the transverse palne do?
Divide the body into upper and lower portions
What does the oblique plane do?
Passes the body at an angle
Body cavity purpose:
Spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs
What does the cranial cavity have?
Skull and brains
What does the vertebral canal have?
Spine and spinal cord
What is the thoracic cavity?
Chest cavity
How is the thoracic cavity divided?
Into 3 parts. 1 pericardial cavity (heart) and 2 pleural cavity (lungs)
What is the mediastinum and what does it contain?
It’s between the lungs and helps protect, support and separate the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and blood vessels
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Stomach, spleen,liver, gallbladder, small/large intestine
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Urinary bladder, large intestine and reproductive organs
Name the 4 quadrants
(RUQ) right upper quadrant (LUQ) left upper quadrant (RLQ) right lower quadrant (LLQ) left lower quadrant
9 region for anatomical studies
Parietal:
Outerwall of a body cavity
Visceral
Inner wall of the body cavity
Gross atonomy:
Study of structures that can be seen without a microscope
Microscopic anatomy:
Study of structure that require a microscope
Autopsy:
Examination of the body after death to determine the cause
Abdominopelvic cavity
Both abdominal and pelvic cavity
Peritoneum
Largest serious membrane of the abdominal cavity
Serious membrane
A membrane in the body cavity that does not open to the exterior
Epidemiology
Science that deals with “where, when and why” the disease occurs and how it’s transmitted
Geriatrics
Science that deals with medical problems and care of old people
Pathology
Science of nature, cause and development of abnormal conditions and its aftermath
Pharmacology
The science of the effects of drugs in treatment
Membranes
Thin pliable tissue that covers, lines partitions or connects structures
