Introduction To Chemistry Flashcards
Chemistry:
The science of the structure and relationship with other matter
Matter:
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Mass:
The amount of matter in any living organism. Living or not
Chemical element:
Substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler form
How many different elements groups are present in your body?
3 sections: major element (96%) lesser element (3.6%) trace element (0.4%)
What are major elements composed of?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (4)
What are lesser elements composed of?
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, Sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron (8)
Are atoms naturally neutral, positive, or negative? And why?
They are naturally neutral because the protons which are positive and electrons which are negitive usually have the same numbers
What are the number of protons also called?
Atomic number
How to find the mass number?
Total number of protons + neutrons
Ion:
Atom either giving up or gaining electrons
Molecule:
Two of more atoms share electrons (2 of the same elements “H2O, CaCl2”)
Compound:
Substance containg atoms of 2 or more different elements (“CaCl2, HCl”)
Free radical:
Ion or molecule with a unpaired electron in its outermost shell
What are the 3 general types of chemical?
Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
Ionic bond:
Positive and negative charged ions are attracted to one another
Cation:
Positively charged ions
Anion:
Negatively charged ions
Covalent bond
Sharing one, two or three electrons
What does a greater number of sharing electrons result in?
A stronger covalent bond
What is the most common bond type in our body and why?
Covalent. Because most covalent bonds do not desolve in water unlike ionic bonds
Nonpolar covalent bond:
Electrons equally share electrons
When are bonds a non polar covalent bond:
When the bond is between 2 identical atoms or when producing methane molecule(1 carbon & 4 hydrogen)
Polor covalent bond:
Sharing of electrons unequally
Hydrogen bond:
Hydrogen atoms (positive) attract to a negative charge atom
List the order of bonds from strongest to weakest
Covalent, ionic, and hydrogen
Chemical reaction:
New bonds form or old bonds break
What does chemical reaction result in?
Body structure being built or bodies functioning and transferring energy
Energy:
The capacity to do work
Potential energy:
Stored energy
Kinetic energy:
Energy in motion
Chemical energy:
Potential energy that is stored in the bonds of molecules
Synthesis reaction (anabolism):
Two or more ions/molecules combine to form new and larger molecules ( amino acid to protein)
Decomposition reaction (catabolism):
Large molecules split apart into smaller parts (starch to glucose)
Reversible reaction:
The ability to go both ways “arrows”
Exchange reaction:
Consisting both synthesis and decomposition reactions
Things to know about inorganic compund
1) They usually lack carbon 2) they are structured simply 3) they are held by ionic/covalent bonds (water, salt, acid and base)
Things to know about organic compund
1) They ALWAYS contain carbon and usually contain hydrogen 2) They are large and complex 3) always have covalent bond (carbohydrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acid, and ATP)
Macromolecules:
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein and Amino acids
Things to know about water pt1
1) Water is the most important and most abundant inorganic compund 2) it makes up 55-60% of body mass in lean adults
Things to know about water pt2
1) water is an excellent solvent 2) water participates in chemical reaction 3) water absorbs and releases heat very slowly 4) water requires a large amount of heat to change to gas 5) water serves as a lubricant
What are inorganic compunds classified into?
Acids, bases and salt
Acid:
A substance that breaks apart into one or more hydrogen ions (H) when in water
Base:
Substance that breaks into hydroxide (OH) when in water
Salt:
Substance that disolves into cation ane anion but neither hydrogen or hydroxide ions
On a PH scale, where is it neutral?
7 (mid point)
Acidic:
A solution that has more hydrogen than hydroxide (bellow 7)
Basic (Alkaline):
A solution that has more hydroxide than hydrogen (above 7)
What is the PH of blood?
Between 7.35-7.45 (7.4)
Buffers:
Chemical Compunds that quickly and temporarily bind hydrogens. Converting string acids / bases to weak ones
Carbohydrates:
Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, glucose, starch and cellulose
What 3 major groups are carbohydrates divided into?
1)Monosaccharides - glucose
2)dimonosaccharides - 2 monosaccharides
3) polysaccharide - bunch of monosaccharides
Lipids:
Hydrophobic compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What 4 major groups are lipids composed of?
1) Triglycerides- fat & oil
2) phospholipids - lipids that contain phosphorus
3) steroids
4) fat soluble vitamins ( vitamin A,D,E,K)
Protein:
Large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. They are responsible for structure of body cells and more larger and complex
How is protein created?
1) Proteins are made from Amino acids.
2) Amino acid consists of animo group and carboxyl group.
3)It also contains the side chain (R group)
4)Linked by peptide bonds
DNA:
blueprint of life and contain nucleotide bases. A,T,C,G
RNA:
intermediary between DNA and protein that contain A,U,G,C
Adenosine truphosphate (ATP)
1) chemical energy used by all cells
2) Energy released when phosphate bond is broken
What is element made of?
Atoms
Atom:
Smallest unit of matter
3 Things to know about ions:
1) They give and take electrons
2) The atoms are positive (cation) and negative (anion)
3 weaker bond to covalent, but Stronger than hydrogen
3 things to know about covalent bonds:
1) They are sharing electrons
2) they contain polar covalent ( not equal) and non polar covalent ( equally sharing)
3) strongest bond, and most common in body
2 things to know about hydrogen bonds:
1) They are a polar covalent bond
2) cause uneven distribution of charge on molecules, leading to attraction of oppositely charged parts
Enzymes:
Your body’s organic catalist
3 things to know about enzymes?
1) They are highly specific
2) They are very effective
3) The cells genes control the rate and concentration, making them variable
How to find the number of neutrons?
Subtract atomic number from mass number
