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Week 4: Breast Mass > Organization of the Cell > Flashcards

Organization of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

4 amino acids with non-polar side chains

A

Glycine
Alanine
Phenylalanine
Leucine

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2
Q

What part of a protein dictates its ultimate localization

A

Aspects of the primary sequence

Signal sequences/patches

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3
Q

Signal sequences

A

Typically at the N-terminal
Removed by signal peptidases after sorting
Can code to go many different places

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4
Q

Chaperones

A

Help guide the folding process

Chaperone synthesis is responsive to increases in misfolding

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5
Q

Proteasome

A

Degrade irretrievably misfolded proteins
Quite big
Breaks proteins down to amino acids

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6
Q

What is added to make
1. A
2. B
blood groups?

A
  1. N-acetylgalactosamine

2. Galactose

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7
Q

Lipid raft

A

In trans Golgi
Cholesterol rich domain
Has increase concentration of TM proteins and associated future cargo
Preferentially get sorted into transport vesicles

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8
Q

Lysosome

A

Has an acidic intracellular compartment

Responsible for degradation of endocytized material

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9
Q

Proteasome vs lysosome

A

Proteasome: cytosolic multi-enzyme complex, degrades intracellular proteins that were defective or mutants
Lysosome: membrane bound organelle, degrades endocytosed material and whole organelles

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10
Q

Lysozyme

A

Made by macrophages and released constitutively

Not found in lysosomes!!

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11
Q

2 things that determine cell polarity

A

Cytoskeleton

Cell Junctions

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12
Q

2 major morphological types of breast tumors

A

Ducts

Lobules

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13
Q

Lobular breast carcinoma progression

A

Normal
Hyperplasia (proliferation, but can still see lumens)
Lobular carcinoma in situ (more dysplasia, polarity is disrupted, no lumens)
Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (loss of polarity, cells become invasive)

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14
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest ones
Made up of globular actin
Very dynamic
Important in cell adhesion, generation of contractile force, cell shape, and surface projections (microvilli)

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15
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Medium sized
Formed from overlapping protein rods - very stable
Convey tensile strength within cells and across tissues
Architectural scaffolds
Tissue specific expression of different intermediate filament proteins

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16
Q

Different types of intermediate filament proteins in

  1. Epithelia
  2. Muscle
  3. CT
  4. Neurons
A
  1. Keratins
  2. Desmin
  3. Vimentin
  4. Neurofilaments
17
Q

Microtubules

A

Cylinders of globular tubulin (polar)
Highly dynamic (cell division)
Motors can move along them
Found in the cores of motile cell surface projections (cilia, sperm)

18
Q

3 parts of ALL junction/adhesion complexes

A 
Cell surface receptors (TM proteins that bind to other receptors on other cells or ECM)
Linker proteins (link complex to cytoskeleton)
Cytoskeletal elements (often span from one complex to another inside the same cell)
19
Q

Zonula adherens

A

Form a belt around the cell

Initiate cell-cell adhesion on the lateral aspect of cells

20
Q 
Specific proteins for
1. Cell receptors
2. Linker proteins
3. Cytoskeletal elements
for zonula adherens
A
  1. Cadherins
  2. Catenins
  3. Actin
21
Q

2 functions of catenins

A

Structural: link cadherins to actin

Proliferative signal transduction: when not in junction can move to nucleus and upregulate cyclin D expression

22
Q

Tight junctions

A

Receptors bring the membranes on adjacent cells very close together so they form a barrier

23
Q

Desmosomes

A

Also called macula densa
Not a belt (spots)
Can be located anywhere along lateral surface
Linked to intermediate filaments (increases tensile strength)
Prominent in epithelia of skin

24
Q

Gap junctions

A

Formed out of connexons
Channels that link cells and allow for the passage of small molecules and ions between cells
Communicating junctions

25
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Anchor cells to ECM
Receptors are heterophilic (bind different proteins)
Attached to intermediate filaments inside the cell
Very stable

26
Q

Focal adhesions

A

Anchor cells to ECM
Cytoskeletal elements are actin filaments
Can generate contractile force
Critical for cell migration

27
Q

What happens in

  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
A
  1. cell growth
  2. DNA synthesis
  3. chromosome condensation, mitotic spindle preparation

Week 4: Breast Mass (9 decks)

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