Organization of Cells into Tissues and Organs

Question 1

What are the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 1

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

Question 2

Describe the different secretions from the salivary glands? (meh)

Answer 2

Parotid - serous secreting, very watery
Submandibular - mucus secreting, thicker

Sublingual - bit of both

Question 3

What is a very unusual feature of the salivary gland?

Answer 3

Striated ducts - these modify the saliva that is passing through them by pumping salt out of the fluid so that the saliva is hypotonic to the blood

Question 4

Describe the structure of the digestive tract?

Answer 4

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externa
Serosa/adventitia

Question 5

Describe the mucosa?

Answer 5

Epithelium - sits on basal lamina
Lamina propria - loose CT
Muscular mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle

Question 6

Describe the submucosa?

Answer 6

Loose CT

Question 7

Describe the muscular external?

Answer 7

• two thick layers of smooth muscle
• inner circular
• outer longitudinal

Question 8

Describe the serosa/adventitia?

Answer 8

Outer layer of connective tissue

Question 9

Describe protective mucosa in the digestive tract?

Answer 9

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.

Oral cavity, pharynxx, oesophagus, anal canal

Question 10

Describe the absorptive mucosa in the digestive tract?

Answer 10

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands

Small intestine

Question 11

Describe the secretory mucosa in the digestive tract?

Answer 11

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

Stomach

Question 12

Describe protective and absorptive mucosa in the digestive tract (large intestine)?

Answer 12

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

Question 13

Describe the outer longitudinal muscle of the large intestine?

Answer 13

It is not continuous, it is distinctive, in 3 parts, called teniae coli

Question 14

What is the digestive tracts own nervous system called

Answer 14

The enteric nervous system

Question 15

What does the ENS receive input from?

Answer 15

From the autonomic nervous system but is capable or coordinating gut motility locally

Question 16

Describe the rough layers of the respiratory system - trachea?

Answer 16

Airway

Resp epithelium
Lamina propria
Seromucous gland in the submucosa

Hyaline cartilage of the tracheal ring

Question 17

What 2 cells produce a viscous fluid that coats the surface of the airway, and what is the purpose of this?

Answer 17

Goblet cells of the epithelium and the seromucous glands of the submucosa

It traps particles that are then propelled out of the airway by the cilia

Question 18

Describe bronchi?

Answer 18

They are large diameter airways and have hyaline cartilage in their walls

Question 19

Describe bronchioles?

Answer 19

Are smaller airway, they have no cartilage but smooth muscle predominates in their wall

Question 20

What are alveoli lined by?

Answer 20

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 21

What is the liver made up of?

Answer 21

a large number of lobules in a hexagonal arrangement

Question 22

What is at each of the corner of the hexagonal liver lobules?

Answer 22

A branch of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Question 23

What is at the centre of the liver lobule?

Answer 23

A central vein which drains to the hepatic vein .

Question 24

What makes up the portal triad?

Answer 24

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

Question 25

What are the spaces for blood flow in the liver called?

Answer 25

Sinusoids

Question 26

What does the exocrine pancreas produce?

Answer 26

Digestive juices containing proteases to break down proteins, lipase to break down lipids, nucleases to breakdown DNA/RNA etc They enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct

Question 27

What does the endocrine pancreas produce?

Answer 27

Insulin etc produced by the islets of langerhans

Question 28

What is the kindly composed of?

Answer 28

Thousands of renal corpuscle/tubule units - known as nephrons

Question 29

What is another name for a red blood cell

Answer 29

Erythrocytes

Question 30

What are white blood cells also known as?

Answer 30

Leukocytes

Question 31

What are the 5 principle types of leukocytes/WBC?

Answer 31

``` Neutrophils Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes ```

Question 32

What fall under the category of granulocytes?

Answer 32

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

Question 33

Describe the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

Answer 33

Tunica intima - extends to an internal elastic membrane Tunica media Tunica adventitia

Question 34

What separated the tunica media and tunic adventitia in a muscular artery?

Answer 34

External elastic membrane

Question 35

What is the epithelium in a blood vessel?

Answer 35

Simple squamous epithelium - also known as endothelium

Question 36

What is endothelium?

Answer 36

The simple squamous epithelium of a blood vessel

Question 37

Describe the layers of an arteriole?

Answer 37

Only have one or two layers of smooth muscle inter tunica media, and almost no adventitia

Question 38

What are capillaries essentially composed of?

Answer 38

Endothelial cells and a basal lamina

Question 39

What type of muscle is in the lymph vascular system and what produces the flow?

Answer 39

Smooth muscles in the wall, no pump. Hydrostatic pressure and tissue compression of vessel by voluntary muscles, combined with valves in vessels proceeds flow