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Biology Definitions > Organisms Exchange Substances > Flashcards

Organisms Exchange Substances Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is alveoli?

A

​Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provide a large
surface area for gas exchange

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2
Q

What is amylases?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides

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3
Q

What is an antiporter?

A

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions

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4
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.

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5
Q

What is the arteriole?

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries

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6
Q

What is an artery?

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What is an atrium?

A

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle

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8
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown

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9
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles

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10
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli

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11
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues

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12
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood

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13
Q

What is a coronary artery?

A

The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood

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14
Q

What is co-transport?

A

A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane

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15
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

​A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation

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16
Q

What is endopeptidase?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides

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17
Q

What is exopeptidases?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins (e.g. between the penultimate and last amino acid in the polypeptide)

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18
Q

What are external intercostal muscles?

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation

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19
Q

What are gill filaments?

A

Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch

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20
Q

What are gill lamellae?

A

Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area
available for gas exchange

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21
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

​A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues

22
Q

What are internal intercostal muscles?

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that are involved in forced exhalation

23
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle

24
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body

25
Q

What is lipase?

A

​A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids

26
Q

What are membrane-bound dipeptidases?

A

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids

27
Q

What are membrane-bound disaccharidases?

A

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides

28
Q

What are micelles?

A

An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids

29
Q

What is a phloem?

A

A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed

30
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen

31
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation

32
Q

What is the pulmonary vein?

A

The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart

33
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart

34
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to
the heart

35
Q

What is the right atrium?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle

36
Q

What is the right ventricle?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation

37
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment

38
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

​A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange

39
Q

What is the stomata?

A

Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange

40
Q

What is the symporter?

A

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction

41
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration

42
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

​Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange

43
Q

What is the trachea?

A

The main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi

44
Q

What is the trachea in mammals?

A

A tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air
between the larynx and bronchi

45
Q

What is the trachea in insects?

A

Tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system

46
Q

What are tracheoles?

A

Very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells

47
Q

What is a vein?

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body

48
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart

49
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

​A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart

50
Q

What is a venule?

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins

51
Q

What is a xerophyte?

A

A type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water

52
Q

What is a xylem?

A

The tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants

Biology Definitions (7 decks)

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