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Organisms Exchange Substances Flashcards

1
Q

What is alveoli?

A

​Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provide a large
surface area for gas exchange

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2
Q

What is amylases?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides

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3
Q

What is an antiporter?

A

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions

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4
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.

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5
Q

What is the arteriole?

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries

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6
Q

What is an artery?

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What is an atrium?

A

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle

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8
Q

What are bile salts?

A

Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown

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9
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles

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10
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli

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11
Q

What is a capillary?

A

A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues

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12
Q

What is a capillary bed?

A

A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood

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13
Q

What is a coronary artery?

A

The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood

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14
Q

What is co-transport?

A

A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane

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15
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

​A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation

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16
Q

What is endopeptidase?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides

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17
Q

What is exopeptidases?

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins (e.g. between the penultimate and last amino acid in the polypeptide)

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18
Q

What are external intercostal muscles?

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that are involved in forced and quiet inhalation

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19
Q

What are gill filaments?

A

Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch

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20
Q

What are gill lamellae?

A

Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area
available for gas exchange

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21
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

​A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues

22
Q

What are internal intercostal muscles?

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that are involved in forced exhalation

23
Q

What is the left atrium?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle

24
Q

What is the left ventricle?

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body

25
What is lipase?
​A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids
26
What are membrane-bound dipeptidases?
A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids
27
What are membrane-bound disaccharidases?
A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides
28
What are micelles?
An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids
29
What is a phloem?
A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed
30
What is positive cooperativity?
Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen
31
What is the pulmonary artery?
The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
32
What is the pulmonary vein?
The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart
33
What is the renal artery?
The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart
34
What is the renal vein?
The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart
35
What is the right atrium?
The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle
36
What is the right ventricle?
The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation
37
What are spiracles?
Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment
38
What is the spongy mesophyll?
​A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange
39
What is the stomata?
Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange
40
What is the symporter?
A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction
41
What is the Bohr effect?
A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration
42
What is tissue fluid?
​Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange
43
What is the trachea?
The main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi
44
What is the trachea in mammals?
A tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi
45
What is the trachea in insects?
Tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system
46
What are tracheoles?
Very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells
47
What is a vein?
A type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body
48
What is the vena cava?
The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart
49
What is a ventricle?
​A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart
50
What is a venule?
A smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins
51
What is a xerophyte?
A type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water
52
What is a xylem?
The tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants

Biology Definitions (7 decks)

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