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AH Biology > Organisms and evolution - 2 > Flashcards

Organisms and evolution - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different sexes

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2
Q

what are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

A
  • maintains greater genetic variation
  • allows species to adapt and survive in a changing environment
  • enables long term evolutionary change
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3
Q

what is fertilisation?

A

random process resulting in new combinations of alleles

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4
Q

what is variation?

A

differences that exist between individuals in a population determined by the alleles that are inherited

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5
Q

what are some of the costs of sexual reproduction?

A
  • male half of population can’t produce offspring
  • slow reproduction rate
  • metabolic expenditure high
  • interrupts successful genome
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6
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

offspring arise from a single organism

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7
Q

when is asexual reproduction successful?

A

succesful in very narrow, stable niches

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8
Q

what is asexual reproduction called in plants?

A

vegative cloning

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9
Q

what is asexual reproduction called in animals?

A

parthenogenesis

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10
Q

what does asexual reproduction allow plants to do?

A

allows plants to successfully recolonise disturbed habitats

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11
Q

what can increase genetic variation in prokaryotes?

A

horizontal gene transfer

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12
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

when offspring develops from an unfertilised egg

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13
Q

where is parthenogenesis most common?

A

in cooler climates with low parasite diversity

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14
Q

what is meiosis?

A

the process of nuclear division that results in the production of haploid gametes

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15
Q

what cells are the only diploid cells capable of carrying out meiosis?

A

gamete mother cells

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16
Q

where are gamete mother cells located?

A

located in sex organs

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17
Q

what happens before meiosis begins?

A

each chromosome separates forming two identical chromatids held together by a centromere

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18
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A

pairs of chromosomes

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19
Q

what do homologous chromosomes have in common?

A
  • same size/length
  • same location of centromere
  • same location of genes
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20
Q

what can be done to increase variation during meiosis ?

A
  • independent assortment

- crossing over

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21
Q

what does independent assortment produce?

A

produce gametes with varying combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes

22
Q

how can the number of different combinations from independent assortment be calculated?

A

2^n (n=haploid number)

23
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

the random order in which chromosomes line up

24
Q

what is the cross over point called?

A

chiasma

25
Q

what happens during crossing over?

A

the inner chromatids break at chiasma and swap a section of their genetic material

26
Q

what does crossing over result in?

A

results the recombination of alleles

27
Q

what are linked genes?

A

genes on the same chromosome

28
Q

what does a greater distance between linked genes show?

A

greater frequency of recombination

29
Q

what chromosomes determine if an organism is male or female?

A

sex chromsomes

30
Q

what determines the development of male traits?

A

sex-determing region Y (SRY) gene on Y chromosome

31
Q

what is the SRY gene?

A

provides instructions for making transcription factor

32
Q

what is the transcription factor for male traits known as?

A

testis-determing factor (TDF)

33
Q

what does the SRY gene activate?

A

activates male genes in genome

34
Q

what is a transcription factor?

A

protein that binds to specific regions of DNA

35
Q

what does transcription factors help to control?

A

helps control the activity if particular genes

36
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for a female?

A

XX

37
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for a male?

A

XY

38
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for a female bird?

A

ZW

39
Q

what are the sex chromosomes for a male bird?

A

ZZ

40
Q

what is the default pathway for humans?

A

females

41
Q

which chromosome is smaller, X or Y?

A

Y chromosome

42
Q

what causes sex-linked patterns of inheritance?

A

X-chromosome has many genes that don’t have homologous genes on the Y-chromosome

43
Q

are X-linked disorders more common in females or males?

A

males

44
Q

name some examples of x-linked disorders

A
  • colour blindness

- haemophilia

45
Q

why are most genes on one X-chromosme in each cell inactivated in females?

A

so that the cells have a single working copy of the X-chromosme genes

46
Q

is X inactivation a random or non-random process?

A

random process

47
Q

what is what factors lead to sex determination?

A

genetic or environmental factors

48
Q

what are the 4 environmental factors?

A
  • temperature
  • size
  • competition
  • parasitic infection
49
Q

in what species are temperature dependant sex determination (TSD) most common in?

A

reptiles, some birds and fish

50
Q

what enzyme is influenced by temperature and therefore determines sex in TSD?

A

aromatase

51
Q

what is a hermaphrodite?

A

an animal that has both male and female sex organs or other sexual characteristics

AH Biology (10 decks)

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