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AH Biology > Organisms and evolution - 1 > Flashcards

Organisms and evolution - 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what three considerations must be made when doing field work?

A
  • terrain
  • weather conditions
  • isolation
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2
Q

give some examples of sampling techniques

A
  • scat sampling
  • transects
  • point counts
  • remote detection
  • quadrats
  • camera traps
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3
Q

what three things should sampling be?

A
  • random
  • stratified
  • systematic
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4
Q

what is a point count used for?

A

used for determining species abundance

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5
Q

what is a transect used for?

A

used for deterring changes in community

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6
Q

why would remote detection be used?

A

used for areas that are difficult to access

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7
Q

what sampling techniques are used for elusive species?

A
  • camera traps

- scat sampling

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8
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

samples are taken at fixed intervals

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9
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

population is split into sub-populations

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10
Q

what is used to estimate population size?

A

mark and recapture

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11
Q

what are some methods of marking?

A
  • banding
  • collar
  • tagging
  • surgical implantation
  • painting
  • fur/hair clipping
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12
Q

what three assumptions are made when estimating population size?

A
  • all individuals have an equal chance of recapture
  • marking doesn’t affect survival or behaviour
  • there is no emigration of marked individuals nor immigration of other individuals
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13
Q

what equation is used to estimate a population size?

A

N = MC/R

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14
Q

how can organisms be identified?

A
  • classification guides
  • biological keys
  • analysis of DNA or protein
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15
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups

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16
Q

what is a model organism?

A

the best studies species within a taxonomic group

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17
Q

what is an advantage of using a model organism?

A

other species may be more difficult to study

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18
Q

what are the three domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea and eukaryote

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19
Q

what are the four phyla in the plant kingdom?

A
  • mosses and liverworts
  • ferns
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
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20
Q

what are the 5 divisions in the animal kingdom?

A
  • chordata
  • arthropoda
  • Nematoda
  • Platyhelminthes
  • Mollusca
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21
Q

what does genetic evidence reveal?

A

reveals relatedness obscured by divergent or convergent evolution

22
Q

what is divergent evolution ?

A

development of differing life forms from a common origin

23
Q

what does divergent evolution result in?

A

results in closely related life forms with very different phenotypes

24
Q

when does divergent evolution occur?

A

occurs when different selection pressures are acting on each lineage

25
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

separate evolution of similar phenotypic adaptations in lineages whose ancestors did not share these adaptations

26
Q

when does convergent evolution occur?

A

occurs when very similar selection pressures are acting on these unrelated lineages

27
Q

what is a cladogram?

A

branching, tree-like diagram used to show phylogenetic relationships

28
Q

what is the study of animal behaviour called?

A

ethology

29
Q

what causes animal behaviour?

A
  • genetics
  • external environment
  • internal environment
30
Q

what is an ethogram?

A

a comprehensive list/description of all the behaviours of an organism

31
Q

what is ab libitum sampling?

A

observer records key behaviours whenever they occur

32
Q

what is continuous sampling?

A

all occurrences of behaviour are recorded when they start and stop

33
Q

what is point/instantaneous sampling?

A

behaviour is sampled periodically at regular intervals

34
Q

when studying animals what is it important not to do?

A

not to use anthropomorphism (human characteristics)

35
Q

what is evolution?

A

the change over time in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

36
Q

what can cause evolution?

A
  • genetic drift
  • natural selection
  • sexual selection
37
Q

what is natural selection?

A

non-random increase in frequency of DNA sequences that increase survival

38
Q

what is sexual selection?

A

non-random increase in the frequency of alleles that make mating and reproduction more likely

39
Q

what is genetic drift?

A

the random change in allele frequency

40
Q

will genetic drift have the greatest effect in small or large populations?

A

small populations

41
Q

give two examples of genetic drift

A

founder effect and bottleneck effect

42
Q

what arises as a result of a mutation?

A

variation

43
Q

what are the three modes of selection?

A
  • stabilising
  • directional
  • disruptive
44
Q

what is absolute fitness?

A

ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

45
Q

what is relative fitness?

A

the ratio of serving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes

46
Q

how is absolute fitness calculated?

A

absolute fitness = n of F1 generation / previous generation

47
Q

how is relative fitness calculated?

A

relative fitness = absolute fitness of genotype (x) / absolute fitness of most successful genotype

48
Q

what does high selection pressure cause?

A

a rapid rate of evolution

49
Q

what can increase the rate of evolution?

A
  • shorter genration times
  • warmer environments
  • sharing of beneficial DNA sequences between different lineages through sexual reproduction
  • horizontal gene transfer
50
Q

what is co-evolution?

A

a change in traits of one species that acts as a selection pressure on the other species

51
Q

what is the Red Queen hypothesis?

A

co-evolutionary arms race between a parasite and host. both organisms must ‘keep running in order to stay alive’

AH Biology (10 decks)

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