Organismal Biology Flashcards
The organ which holds the fetus, providing buoyant fluid and nutrients is called the:
Amniotic Sac
Which phase isn’t a part of mitosis but is a part of meiosis
Diakinesis
Legumes are plants that are especially noted for their ability to do what?
Fix Nitrogen
In mammals, the hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues is:
Testosterone
In the human body, the antibodies in the immune system are primarily made by:
B lymphocytes
Describe the Corpus Lutreum:
A corpus luteum is a mass of cells that forms in an ovary and is responsible for the production of the hormone progesterone during early pregnancy. The role of the corpus luteum depends on whether or not fertilization occurs.
Loss of plant moisture through evaporation from the leaves is prevented by the:
Cuticle
The Germ Theory of Diseases, which first postulated that microorganisms were responsible for disease in the mid-1800s was developed by:
Louis Pasteur
Plants found in rainforests typically have broad, wide leaves. In contrast, plants in the desert typically have short, sharp leaves. What is the primary reason for this difference?
Shorter sharper leaves minimize surface area and this minimizes water loss.
The phenomenon where the shoots and flowers of the plants would turn and lean in the direction of the light source is called:
Phototropism
During embryonic development of many species, gill arches can be seen forming briefly in the fetus before continuing one to become other structures suggest:
Gill structures evolved before lungs, and are still present to a minimal extent in many animals.
Monocots and dicots differ in the number of cotyledons they have. What is the name of the different arrangements for them?
Monocots have a scattered vascular system arrangement whereas dicots have a concentric arrangement.
In the human body, lymphocytes are generally best known for their ability to:
Ingest and kill cells or particles which are not a part of the human immune system or body.
Ferns, although plants, differ from most trees and flowers in that they:
Reproduce using spores, and produces no flowers.
Many plants are capable of hybridization, a process in which two plants of different species exchange pollen and create a hybrid plant that is not of either species. The new hybrid plant is usually:
Polyploid
After urine is collected in the nephrons of the kidneys, it proceeds which organs?
Ureter
After gastrulation, the germ layers are formed. Which of the germ layers is responsible for becoming the gastrointestinal tract?
Endoderm (internal organs)
What are food particles broken down into during digestion?
Broken down into sugars and proteins.
The allele for hair color in cats is as follows: A - dominant for brown, a - recessive for gray. The heterogeneous expression, Aa, has calico coloring (brown, white, orange). If two calico cats mate and have 8 offspring, how many do you expect to be gray?
2 Offspring possibilities: 1/4 AA 1/2 Aa 1/4 aa
If a cell’s cellular respiration pathways are not working, which of the following will occur?
The cell will die.
A student is digging up plant specimens for a project, and after digging up a small plant, he notices that there are some roots in the ground near the plant, but they are not from the plant he dug up. These roots are likely:
Fibrous (fine) roots.
These roots extend a great distance to collect water and nutrients.
Oxygen is produced primarily by:
Plants
The kidney is responsible for the filtration of the blood for waste and excess minerals. What is the basic functional unit in the kidney?
Nephron
Long loop of tissue that allows absorption or excretion of different irons and minerals
Mistletoe is a plant that grows on trees and uses its roots to absorb nutrients and water from the tree it is growing on. However, it can also produce some of its own nutrients. Mistletoe is an example of?
Hemi-parasite
Organisms that can both steal and produce their own nutrients.
Females have two X chromosomes. However, only one X chromosome in each cell is active at one time, and the other X chromosome is inactivated. What are the inactivated X chromosomes called?
Barr bodies
Inactive X chromosome is bounded by histones and is called a Barr body, can cause severe genetic problems if active
In order for a B lymphocyte to recognize a foreign species or antigen, what must happen first?
The B lymphocyte must engulf and digest the antigen.
Then it makes antibodies that can recognize the antigen
Anaerobic microorganisms do not use oxygen to produce energy molecules, and it’s toxic to many anaerobic microbes, so which location would you most likely find an anaerobic microbe?
Deep under the sea.
Also found in swamps or in the intestines of animals.
The chromosomal deficiency that causes Downs syndrome is:
Trisomy 21
Result of improper meiosis in the formation of gametes
Plant growth occurs from which of the following tissue areas?
Meristem
(Meristem is the tissue zone in plants where the most growth takes place. These cells are undifferentiated and they can become leaves, shoots, or stem cells.
Darwin conceived of the concept of evolution after his visit to the Galapagos Islands. In his journal, he wrote that the discovery of numerous species of finches, henceforth called Darwin’s Finches, helped him in his discovery. What was so unique about this group of birds?
The different species of finches he found exhibited characteristics that were evolved to suit their environment and feeding habits.
Pollen cells haploids or diploids.
Pollen cells are always haploid. Take many shapes and forms but usually very small.
After gastrulation, how many germ layers are there and list them and their functions.
Endoderm: (internal organs) such as the stomach, intestines, lungs, liver, and pancreas.
Mesoderm: (middle) skeletal muscles, blood vessels, bone, connective tissue, kidney cortex, heart muscle, reproductive system, and blood cells from the spinal cord and lymphatic tissue.
Ectoderm: (outside) skin, hair, and nails development
An example of parenchyma cells in plants is the:
Pith
Include most cells in the plant involved in storage and transport.
In females, an increase in the concentration of the luteinizing hormone is most closely associated with:
Ovulation
(Ovulation is preceded by a spike in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. This stimulated the ovaries to release an egg.)
Damage of the body’s osteoblast cells would most likely lead to which of the following symptoms?
Reduce bone density and osteoporosis.
(The osteoblast cells in the body are responsible for the formation and mineralization of bone tissue in the bones of the human body. Damage to these cells would result in a lower rate of bone formation that would eventually lead to osteoporosis. )
In-plant biology, the cotyledon is responsible for:
Germination and production of a shoot.
(The cotyledon is in the seed of the plant and is responsible for germination and the first leaves/shoots of the seedling. The leaves are not true leaves however and will wither and fade as the plant grows.)
Flowering plants that possess only one cotyledon are known as?
Monocots
Which part of the adult human body can undifferentiated cells be found.
Bone Marrow
Undifferentiated (stem) cells can become red or white blood cells
Sarah found an interesting plant structure on some rocks that her teacher later classified as a lichen. A lichen is a unique organism that is a:
Symbiotic organism composed of a fungus and an algae.
Good at surviving harsh environments
Which of the following, if interrupted, would prevent crossing over from occurring in the human meiosis process?
- Mitosis
- Synapsis
- Diakinesis
- Telophase
Synapsis
Synapsis is the process by which homologous chromosomes bind to each other, and is required for crossing over.
Richard picked a flower and noticed that the flower’s pollen was accumulated in small structures on top of what he knew to be the stamen. These structures are the:
Anthers
(Contains and holds the pollen, located on top of the stamens. Holds the microsporangia, which are responsible for the production of male pollen.
What is the path of food digestion?
Mouth, stomach, small intestine, colon, large intestine.
In a flower, the female reproductive organs, or the ovaries, can be found residing in the:
Pistil
(A central structure in the flower which houses the ovaries. The end of the pistil is known as the stigma, which is the reproductive part that receives the pollen from another plant.)
After exiting the stomach, digested food proceeds to the:
After food progresses out of the stomach, it goes first to the small intestine, which is made of three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, in that order. Only after the small intestine does food enter the colon and large intestine.
In humans, which body part secretes testosterone?
Testicles: Responsible for production and excretion of testosterone.
Primary function of chlorophyll in an organism?
Absorbs light energy to power oxygen production.
A disease of the adrenal glands will most likely affect which of the following processes?
- Glucose regulation
- Ovulation
- Osmoregulation
- Blood Circulation
- Muscular Coordination
Osmoregulation
(process of maintaining salt and water balance)
Adrenal glands produces hormones to regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress, and other essential functions.
Water and minerals enter a plant through which of the following?
Roots
Which of the following is the primary function of phloem? (A) water transport (B) sugar transport correct (C) mineral transport (D) toxin storage (E) water storage
Sugar transport
(Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to parts of the plant where needed. This transport process is called translocation.)
The sporophyte generation produces _____________.
Spores via meiosis
Which hormone is produced mostly in plant shoot tips and causes shoot elongation?
Auxin: (orchestrating cell division, elongation and differentiation, embryonic development, root and stem tropisms, apical dominance, and transition to flowering.)
Part of the flower that develops into fruit and part of the seed that develops into root respectively are
Ovary and radicle
All of the following substances are potentially major sources of energy for the human body EXCEPT (A) starches (B) sugars (C) vitamins (D) proteins (E) fats
(C) vitamins
In which of the following ways do social insects benefit most from having several types or castes within the species?
(A) each colony can include a large number of individuals
(B) the secretions or odors produced by the protective caste are an effective defense
(C) the division of the species into castes ensures the survival of the fittest
(D) large numbers of the worker caste can migrate to start new colonies
(E) the specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency
(E) the specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency
If poorly drained soils encourage the growth of bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrogen, the effect on higher plants will be to
Decrease protein production
All of the following statements concerning the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis are true EXCEPT
(A) An initial event is the excitation of electrons in chlorophyll by light energy.
(B) The excited electrons are raised to a higher energy level.
(C) If not captured, the excited electrons drop back to their initial energy levels. incorrect
(D) If captured, some of the energy of the excited electrons is used to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
(E) Light is absorbed by pigments that are embedded in membranes.
(D) If captured, some of the energy of the excited electrons is used to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?
Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.
Thirst, loss of weight, and sugar in the urine result from the under secretion of a hormone by which glands?
Pancreas (essential in converting the food we eat into fuel for the body’s cells.)
Describes the effect on heart action of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve?
There is a decrease in the heartbeat rate.
(The nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system are the cranial nerves, primarily the vagus nerve, and the lumbar spinal nerves. When stimulated, these nerves increase digestive secretions and reduce the heartbeat.)
A patient is placed on a restricted diet of water, pure cooked starch, olive oil, adequate minerals, and vitamins. If a urinalysis several weeks later reveals the presence of relatively normal amounts of urea, the urea probably came from the
Deamination(removal) of cellular proteins.
Urea is naturally produced when the liver breaks down protein or amino acids, and ammonia.
Plasma B cells are essential in the human immune system because of their ability to:
Produce antibodies that clump bacteria or viruses together so that macrophages can ingest them.
A decrease in the amount of CO2 in around most plant would likely result in:
The breakdown of chlorophyll molecules in the mesophyll layer.
Fertilization of a human ovum normally occurs in the:
Oviduct, or fallopian tube.
After an egg is released from the ovary, they might meet a sperm here.
Damage to the cells lining the large intestine would likely result in:
Diarrhea
Large intestine is responsible for the absorption of salts and water.
In humans, carbon dioxide in the bloodstream is mainly transported from cells to lungs as:
Bicarbonate ion
Which cell types has a peptidoglycan cell wall?
Bacteria and cyanobacteria have cell walls constructed from peptidoglycans – a polysaccharide and protein molecule.
Fingerlike projections, known as villi, which line the small intestine, allow for:
increased surface area for absorption of nutrients.
Veins vs arteries:
Veins: blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from your organs back to your heart.
Arteries: deliver oxygenated blood from your heart to the rest of your body.
Where can you find blood with the greatest oxygen concentration?
The left atrium of the heart because the blood has just returned from the lungs.
What stimulates the ripening of fruit and the loss of leaves during seasonal change.
Ethylene gas is released by fruits to stimulate ripening and by leaves during the fall months.
Between them, the nervous and endocrine systems:
The two systems coordinate the biochemical systems in the human body. The nervous system carries impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord or the brain and then to muscles and glands, effector organs. The endocrine system produces hormones that control the function of specific organs, tissues, and glands. These two systems work together.
Hormones that stimulate rapid stem elongation and block the formation of new roots.
Gibberellins
Also help to terminate the dormancy of seeds and buds, and induce certain plants to flower.
Males and females are equally likely to have these traits, which often skip generations and show up only in homozygous individuals.
Autosomal recessive
Only individuals who have two copies of the recessive gene can show the trait.
Genes that cause traits far more commonly found in males than in females.
X-linked recessive
Far more commonly expressed in males, who have only one X chromosome, than females, who have two.
Plants that are characterized by the presence of vascular tissue, seeds enclosed within fruits, and a dominant sporophyte generation are known as
The angiosperm, or flowering plant.
In the leaves of a vascular plant, molecules of water follow which of the following routes as they move upward from the roots?
xylem → mesophyll → stomata
What are the pituitary gland and its function?
a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing. It is referred to as the body’s ‘master gland’ because it controls the activity of most other hormone-secreting glands.
Skeletons whose stiffness can be changed as an organism tenses its muscles or regulates the movement of water into or out of its body
Hydrostatic skeletons
The process of organogenesis takes place when
a developing embryo begins to develop specialized organs.
Neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus perform which duties?
Integrate neural and endocrine function by influencing the pituitary gland
What does the medulla of the brain do?
It contains centers for many autonomic and homeostatic functions.
An egg that gets fertilized outside of the female reproductive tract because it has missed the entrance to the fallopian tube is likely to result in
Ectopic pregnancy
It is a life-threatening emergency and needs to be corrected by surgery.
Although there is always a seemingly ready and plentiful supply of sperm cells, how long does it take a sperm cell to grow and develop?
70 Days
Describe turner syndrome.
Turner syndrome, which results in a functional female who is often infertile.
