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Sociology - Beliefs > Organisations, Movements and Members > Flashcards

Organisations, Movements and Members Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the problems with defining religion?

Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • People’s interpretations of what religion is differ.
  • Religion is subjective and cannot be measured.
  • Everyone has their own opinions.
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2
Q

According to Troeltsch, what is a sect?

A
  • Sects are small, less organised groupings of committed believers (compared to church), usually in protest of what a church is or has become.
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3
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Sects have a _____ of professional clergy, a _______ hierarchy of importance and are led by a ______ leader (someone who inspires devotion in others).

A
  • Lack
  • Simple
  • Charismatic
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4
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Sects are exclusive groups (tightly knit group, not open to everyone) which draw their members from the _____ and ______ groups in society.

A
  • Exclusive
  • Poor
  • Oppressed
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5
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Membership to sects has to be ________ by merit and requires a ______ level of ________ from members.

A
  • Earned
  • High
  • Commitment
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6
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Sects are ______ of wider society and often world _____ (rejecting the world and its values). They create _____ boundaries between the sect and wider ______.

A
  • Critical
  • Rejecting
  • Strong
  • Society
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7
Q

Give at least one example of a sect.

A

At least one from:

  • People’s Temple
  • Jehovah Witnesses
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8
Q

Complete the sentence:

Sects are usually ___________, die out when the ______ is either dead or no longer part of the organization, and usually last for no longer than ____ generation.

A
  • Short-lived
  • Leader
  • One
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9
Q

Complete the sentence:

Sects may _____ into a ______.

A
  • Evolve

- Denomination

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10
Q

Sects are the rival/_____ to the church, claim the monopoly of the _____ (the idea that this religious organisation provides the ultimate truth) and often look forward to an event of great _______ – something is always going to happen e.g. the second coming of Jesus.

A
  • Enemy
  • Truth
  • Significance
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11
Q

How does Aldridge evaluate sects?

A
  • Suggests that many sects have existed a long time while still retaining their features as sects, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses.
  • Sects can maintain strict standards of conduct, including expelling those who fail to conform to these standards, over long periods of time.
  • Many sects have been successful in socializing their children into acceptance of the sect’s beliefs and practices, while also converting adults.
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12
Q

How does Barker evaluate sects?

A
  • Suggested that, particularly in world-rejecting new religious movements, the heavy commitment required is hard to maintain.
  • Suggests that, in new religious movements, as younger people grow older, the reasons that drove them into the sect begin to disappear, and they begin to look for more normal lives. This may mean that the sect disappears, or that is loses its world-rejecting features and becomes more like a denomination.
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13
Q

How does Niebuhr evaluate sects?

A
  • Thought the enthusiastic passion and commitment of sect members is hard to sustain after the first generation - the commitment of parents who converted to the sect is hard to keep going in their children. Either the sect will then gradually wither away, or it will need to become less of a protest movement and modify its beliefs and practices to accommodate, and be more tolerant of, mainstream society and other beliefs. This would then allow its members to live more normal lives, and give it a better chance of retaining members, but this entails the sect becoming more settled and denomination-like.
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14
Q

How do postmodernists evaluate sects?

A
  • They see sects as having a short shelf-life as consumer tastes change and churches might not provide the satisfaction sects would in today’s postmodern society.
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15
Q

How can sects be evaluated, in general?

A
  • Sects that are founded and led by a single charismatic leader, whose inspirational personal magnetism and leadership attracted people into the sect, may lose support and disappear once the leader dies. However, Aldridge argues that not all sects require a charismatic leader to be successful.
  • People’s original reasons for joining, such as social deprivation, marginality, anomie and the search for meaning, may cease to be relevant. This is particularly likely in generations following the first generation of converts.
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16
Q

According to Troeltsch, what is a church?

A
  • A large organisation often linked to the state. Members of churches tend to conform to the norms and values of society.
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17
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Churches are a ______ organization that _____ the idea that a church is the ‘spiritual home’ of _________ in society.

A
  • Religious
  • Support
  • Everyone
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18
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Churches are open to ______ and are therefore world ________.

A
  • Everyone

- Accommodating

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19
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Membership to the _____ supports the idea of being born into a ______ that supports the church.

A
  • Church

- Society

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20
Q

Complete the following sentence:

The church is all _______ and _______.

A
  • Inclusive

- Universal

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21
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Churches claim that they have the _________ of truth and argue that _____ their teachings are the ______.

A
  • Monopoly
  • Only
  • Truth
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22
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Churches have a ______ hierarchy, ______ clergy and are more attractive to _____ classes and conservatives.

A
  • Bureaucratic
  • Professional
  • Higher
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23
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Churches accept the _____ and values of wider ____, are highly _____, and are closely linked with both the ____ and society’s major institutions e.g. the Queen is the head of state and Church of England.
Churches also have a lot of _____ on schools.

A
  • Norms
  • Society
  • Conservative
  • State
  • Influence
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24
Q

How long do churches last?

A
  • Over centuries.

For example:

  • Hinduism: 2500 years old
  • Christianity: 2000 years old
  • Islam: 1400 years old
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25
Q

Give at least one example of a church.

A

At least one from:

  • Roman Catholic
  • Islam
26
Q

How can the concept of a church be evaluated?

Give at least one example.

A

At least one from:

  • The concept of a ‘church’ is outdated in most Christian countries as the way people practice religion has changed due to factors such as secularisation and globalisation.
  • Churches dominate only some societies i.e. The Roman Catholic church is Spain, Italy and Ireland. Islam in Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.
  • The UK is experiencing religious pluralism (more than one religion, variety, diverse, multiculturalism) and secularisation and many churches do not get a high degree of commitment.
27
Q

How long do denominations last?

A
  • Often more than 100 years.
28
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Denominations are ____ tolerant of ____ beliefs, less _____ of their members and have _____ claim on the truth.

A
  • More
  • Alternative
  • Demanding
  • No
29
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Denominations are explicitly _____ from the state but do _____ reject the state or _____ society.

A
  • Separate
  • Not
  • Wider
30
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Clergy of _____ often appear at _____ occasions such as Remembrance Sunday.

A
  • Denominations

- National

31
Q

Complete the following sentence:

The membership of _____ is not ________, meaning that they do not want the whole population to be members. Members are usually _______ class.

A
  • Denominations
  • Universalistic
  • Middle
32
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Denominations have a _______ clergy, hierarchy is less _____ than the church e.g. there are _____ any bishops or popes, and ‘normal’ people have a _____ role.

A
  • Professional
  • Complex
  • Not
  • Direct
33
Q

Give at least one example of a denomination.

A

At least one from:

  • Baptists
  • Methodists
  • Pentecostalists
34
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Cults are _______ knit and ______ organisations (often small groups of people), that have a ______ leader and are led by practitioners with _______ knowledge.

A
  • Loosely
  • Individualistic
  • Spiritual
  • Specialist
35
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Cults ______ demand strong commitments from _____ but people are seen as customers/trainees rather than ______. Cults also welcome people with _____ interests and people can ______ and leave as they wish.

A
  • Don’t
  • Followers
  • Members
  • Similar
  • Join
36
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Cults are ______ tolerant/welcoming of involvement with other groups and they do not claim on the _____. However, cults are ______ and there is little involvement once customers have acquired the ______ or techniques it offers.

A
  • Relatively
  • Truth
  • Short-lived
  • Beliefs
37
Q

Give at least one example of a cult.

A

At least one from:

  • Transcendental meditation
  • Scientology
  • Spiritualism
  • New Age ideas
38
Q

What are New Religious Movements?

A
  • A religious, ethical, or spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be novel in origin or they may exist on the fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations.
39
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Since the ____, there has been an explosion in the number of ______ religions and organisations such as the Unification Church, The Children of God, ___________, Krishna Consciousness and many more. This has led to new attempts to ______ them.

A
  • 1960s
  • New
  • Transendental Meditation
  • Classify
40
Q

Give at least one example of a world rejecting new religious movement.

A

At least one from:

  • The Moonies
  • Krishna Consciousness
  • The Children of God
  • The Manson Family
  • People’s Temple
41
Q

Give at least four characteristics of world rejecting new religious movements.

A

At least four from:

  • These are very similar to Troelsch’s sects and vary greatly in size, whether it be a handful of members, hundreds of members or even thousands of members.
  • They are clearly religious organisations with a clear notion of God.
  • They are highly critical of the outside world and they expect or seek radical change.
  • To achieve salvation, members must make a sharp break with their former life.
  • Members live communally, with restricted contact with the outside world. The movement controls all aspects of life and is often accused of brainwashing people.
  • They often have Conservative moral codes, for example about sex.
42
Q

What type of new religious movement is Neo Pentecostalism?

A

World accommodating.

43
Q

Give at least three examples of the characteristics of world accommodating new religious movements.

A

At least three from:

  • They are typically offshoots of an already existing religion. For example, neo-Pentecostal groups developed from Protestantism or Catholicism.
  • These movements tend to aim to restore the ‘spiritual purity’ which they believe has been lost in the larger institutions they have broken away from.
  • The main aim of World Accommodating NRMs tends to be to provide members with ‘spiritual solace’ and a way of coping with their ordinary lives.
  • They tend to focus on helping individual members develop their own interior sense of spirituality and commitment to God.
  • Unlike world rejecting movements, they do not reject mainstream society, in fact most members of world accommodating groups tend to be actively involved with mainstream society – they have jobs and the like.
  • Unlike World Affirming Movements, World Accommodating Movements are not obsessed with ‘maxing out personal spiritual growth’, they are more about helping members cope with their ordinary lives, improving their quality of life within in society.
44
Q

Complete the following sentence:

Laws can be based around ________ which puts the ________ at an advantage.

A
  • Religion

- Bourgeoisie

45
Q

What is religious belief?

A
  • Whether people believe in a religion; hold a religious faith and religiosity is the extent to which they participate in religious activities. You can hold religious belief while displaying little or no religiosity. Conversely, someone might attend church religiously, but privately have no religious belief.
46
Q

What are some of the reasons why ethnic minorities are more likely to be religious?
Give at least two examples.

A

At least two from:

  • Some ethnic groups may have a higher religious participation rate because of their culture and desire for togetherness and a sense of community, as well as their desire to feel less likely a minority.
  • Ethnic minorities might utilise religion to defend their culture and to fight against racism.
  • Young black males are most likely to be targeted by religious groups in order to help them feel part of a community and to help them fight against issues such as marginalisation and racism.
47
Q

Complete the following sentence:

The ______ gap in religious participation _____. For example, in countries with a Muslim majority, ____ are more likely to attend services. However, in countries with a ____ majority, women are more likely to attend services.

A
  • Gender
  • Varies
  • Men
  • Christian
48
Q

What evidence is there to suggest that religion is patriarchal?

A
  • In Mosques, men and women are segregated.

- In some countries, women are not able to drive.

49
Q

In what ways is religion seen as patriarchal?

A
  • Women are not given positions of power within the church.

- God is seen as a man.

50
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Most church goers are _____ and attend regularly compared to men.

A
  • Females.
51
Q

Who is more likely to be atheist - men or women?

A
  • Men
52
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Different ____ classes are attracted by different _______ and ideas e.g. lower classes lean towards ______ rejecting sects, higher classes lean towards world _______ churches and cults.

A
  • Social
  • Organisations
  • World
  • Accepting
53
Q

Which age group have the highest rate of religious participation, and why might this be?

A
  • People under the age of 15 - more likely to be forced to attend church with their parents.
54
Q

Why may women me more attracted to New Age movements than men?

A
  • Women are more often associated with nature e.g. through childhood and a healing role.
  • These movements give women a higher sense status and self worth.
55
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Although women remain ______ likely to be religious than men, there has been a _____ in their participation in religious ________ in the UK. The main reasons for this trend is the movement of women into ______ work and their ______ of traditional gender roles. As traditional religions have tended to be closely bound up with traditional gender roles, women’s rejection of ________ has led them to reject _______ religion at the same time. Although women are now attracted to New Age beliefs and practices, their numbers are relatively _____.

A
  • More
  • Decline
  • Activities
  • Paid
  • Rejection
  • Subordination
  • Traditional
  • Modest
56
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Black people are _______ as likely to attend church as white people. Muslims, Hindus and black Christians see religion as ______ important than white Christians. Black people are more likely than white people to be found in the ______ churches where they make up _____ of membership.

A
  • Twice
  • More
  • Pentecostal
  • 40%
57
Q

Complete the following sentences:

Most ethnic minorities originate from _______ countries with _________ beliefs, both of which produce _______ levels of religious _____ and practice. On arrival in the UK, they and their children maintain the _______ that they brought with them from their country of origin. However, this _______ the impact of their experiences as immigrants and as minorities in a new society, and how this may give religion a new role in cultural ________ and cultural transition.

A
  • Poorer
  • Traditional
  • Higher
  • Belief
  • Pattern
  • Disregards
  • Defence
58
Q

Complete the following sentence(s):

In the case of black African and Caribbean Christians, many found that white churches in the UK did not ______ welcome them, and some turned to _____ or joining black-led churches, especially Pentecostal churches.

A
  • Actively

- Founding

59
Q

Complete the following sentences:

People have a ______ attachment to religion as they grow ______. Belief in God is ______ among those under 34, and ______ among those over age 55. Young people are not only less likely to participate in mainstream religious activity than older people; more than half of them say they ______ regard themselves as religious. 53% of people in the UK have no religion.

A
  • Greater
  • Older
  • Lowest
  • Highest
  • Don’t
60
Q

Complete the following sentence:

People born in a particular period maybe more or less likely to be religious because of the particular ______ they lived through, such as war or rapid ____ changes.

A
  • Events

- Social

61
Q

Complete the following sentence:

As religion ______ in importance, each generation becomes less and ______ religious than the one before

A
  • Declines

- Less

Sociology - Beliefs (13 decks)

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