Organisations, Movements and Members Flashcards
What is apart of the social groups?
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Why are older people more likely to be religious
Disengagement from wider society
Religious socialisation
Ill health and death
What is disengagement from wider society
Older people become detached from social normals and beliefs due to them changing
May lead to loneliness and social isolation
Partners and friends die, religion is a comforter
What is religious socialisation
Older people have had greater emphasis on religion throughout socialisation
Brought up with Sunday school and church
May return to original beliefs as they get older = the ageing effect
What is ill health and death
Older people turn to religion as comfort, coping and meaning
They think about their own funeral
Why are younger people less likely to be religious
Pragmatic reasons
Social stigma
The generation effect
What are pragmatic reasons
Leisure has become a bigger part of life
Shops, pubs, clubs are open for longer
People have more demands on their time
What is social stigma
Image of religion may be seen as uncool
Exerts social pressure not to be religious
What is the generation effect
Each generation is becoming more secular than the previous one
Due to cultural amnesia
Decline in religious education
Voas & Crockett each generation is half as religious as the previous, “the period effect” when people born in a particular time are more likely to be religious than others
What are other explanations for age differences in belief
Religious beliefs appear out of touch with younger people eg gay rights and sex before marriage
Younger people are more likely to develop spiritual beliefs
What is the privatisation of belief
Many people keep their beliefs private
Glasgow “youth and religion” youth appear to be constructing religious experiences but not attend a service
Eg go to a bible study or music event
What is the expanded spiritual marketplace
Traditional religion declines
Opens more spiritual ideas
New religions are available
How are women more religious than men
Miller and Hoffmann
More likely to express greater interest
Have stronger personal religious commitment
Attend church more often
What is Greeley’s explanation for why women are more interested in religion
As they begin growing a family, they feel responsibility
Women are more involved in caring than in practical responsibilities
They want support from their religion to also take care of their family
What did Miller and Hoffmann talk about with gender and religion
Differential socialisation
Differential roses
What is differential socialisation
Taught to be submissive and passive
Women are more likely to follow the teachings and not challenge/ question what you are being taught
What is differential roles
Women have lower participation in paid work
Women have more time for church related activities
More need for a source of personal identity commitment = they need more opportunity to be someone else
How does differential socialisation and differential roles lead to higher religiosity
Women are less likely to question what they are being taught due to them being passive and submissive
Female have more time to practice and value religion
Need a source of identity to escape from home
What does halman and draulans say about women as the guardians of family life
Women act as guardians
Responsible in family life
Look after the home and children
Women are in charge of child’s moral development
Why is life expectancy important in a greater religiosity in women
Women more likely to live longer
Look after their husbands
Givens them hope after their husband dies
What did Bruce say about new age movements with women
Women are more likely to engage in them as they’re more feminine
What types of deprivation do Glock and Stark say women face
Social deprivation - lack of power
Organismic deprivation - suffer physical/ mental problems
Ethical deprivation - perceive the world to be in moral decline
Psychic deprivation - wish for inner spiritual fulfilment
Why may m’en with organismic deprivation be less attractive to NAMs
M’en may think more rationally
Not believe in the treatment
May feel drugs and alcohol are more useful so they can physically feel the effects
Why do Cohen and Kennedy suggest men are more attracted to fundamentalist movements
There is limited choice
Men are more rational
Prefer straight answers
How can Cohen and Kennedy be criticised about gender
Women know what are they are doing
And women are arrracted to it
What is an example of a fundamentalism religion
Rastafarianism
Women are subordinate child bearers
Cannot be leaders, cannot cook for husbands when menstruating
No makeup
No chemicals in hair
No birth control
How can it be criticised that more women are religious than men
Fertility levels = women have fewer children, lower church attendance in both genders
Feminist values = challenge Christian values about women
Paid employment = less women in paid work
Family diversity = single people, single parent families
What does the 2021 census data show about religious beliefs and ethnicity
Christianity declining
Muslim increasing
White declining
Asian increasing
Black African increasing
Why do ethnic minorities stay involved in religion
Economic factors
Identity
Family pressure
Coping strategy
How do economic factors affect minorities and religion
Black people twice as likely to experience deep poverty in the UK
more exposed to sit of living crisis as incomes have slumped
Ethnic minorities more likely to be marginalised
Stark and Bainbridge = religion as supernatural compensator
Make up for struggles
How does identity relate to minorities and religion
Strength through difference
Highly value their identity
Getting together, same culture gives you a voice and power
How does family pressure relate to minorities and religion
People want to maintain connections with their country
Maintain close knit communities
More likely to live in a certain area together
Want your children to carry on your religion so it doesn’t get lost
How does coping strategies relate to minorities and religion
Could be language and cultural clashes
Joining new community can help cope with transition, make them feel more welcome
Facing marginalisation and pressure, help to cope with these problems
Who believes in cultural defence and cultural transition
Bruce
What is cultural defence
People build a safe community away from racism
Use religion as a defence from hostility
What is cultural transition
Facing challenges from the shock of transition
Religious communities help and support them to reduce the shock eg Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Sikh gurdwaras
What is evidence of cultural defence and transition
Areas which saw a high level of polish immigration have seen an increase in Catholic Churches
What does chryssides state about religion and ethnicity
Immigrant groups have three main paths they can choose
Apostasy
Accommodation
Renewed vigor
What is apostasy according to chryssides
Where a particular set of beliefs are abandoned in a hostile environment
What is accommodation according to chryssides
Where religious practices are adapted to take into account the changed situation eg fasting is too difficult to do here so there is more praying
What is renewed vigor according to chryssides
Where ethnic minorities reassert their religion more strongly
As a response to either or actual hostility
How is religion a form of cultural defence
Davie- important source of identity, strength through difference
Chryssides- renewed vigor in hostility
Modood- first generation immigrants faced greater hostility, more religious
How is religion not a cultural defence
Accommodation and apotasy
Code switching/ cultural hybridity
Could be family pressure
