Organisations, Movements and Members

Question 1

What is apart of the social groups?

Answer 1

Age
Gender
Ethnicity

Question 2

Why are older people more likely to be religious

Answer 2

Disengagement from wider society
Religious socialisation
Ill health and death

Question 3

What is disengagement from wider society

Answer 3

Older people become detached from social normals and beliefs due to them changing
May lead to loneliness and social isolation
Partners and friends die, religion is a comforter

Question 4

What is religious socialisation

Answer 4

Older people have had greater emphasis on religion throughout socialisation
Brought up with Sunday school and church
May return to original beliefs as they get older = the ageing effect

Question 5

What is ill health and death

Answer 5

Older people turn to religion as comfort, coping and meaning
They think about their own funeral

Question 6

Why are younger people less likely to be religious

Answer 6

Pragmatic reasons
Social stigma
The generation effect

Question 7

What are pragmatic reasons

Answer 7

Leisure has become a bigger part of life
Shops, pubs, clubs are open for longer
People have more demands on their time

Question 8

What is social stigma

Answer 8

Image of religion may be seen as uncool
Exerts social pressure not to be religious

Question 9

What is the generation effect

Answer 9

Each generation is becoming more secular than the previous one
Due to cultural amnesia
Decline in religious education
Voas & Crockett each generation is half as religious as the previous, “the period effect” when people born in a particular time are more likely to be religious than others

Question 10

What are other explanations for age differences in belief

Answer 10

Religious beliefs appear out of touch with younger people eg gay rights and sex before marriage
Younger people are more likely to develop spiritual beliefs

Question 11

What is the privatisation of belief

Answer 11

Many people keep their beliefs private
Glasgow “youth and religion” youth appear to be constructing religious experiences but not attend a service
Eg go to a bible study or music event

Question 12

What is the expanded spiritual marketplace

Answer 12

Traditional religion declines
Opens more spiritual ideas
New religions are available

Question 13

How are women more religious than men

Answer 13

Miller and Hoffmann
More likely to express greater interest
Have stronger personal religious commitment
Attend church more often

Question 14

What is Greeley’s explanation for why women are more interested in religion

Answer 14

As they begin growing a family, they feel responsibility
Women are more involved in caring than in practical responsibilities
They want support from their religion to also take care of their family

Question 15

What did Miller and Hoffmann talk about with gender and religion

Answer 15

Differential socialisation
Differential roses

Question 16

What is differential socialisation

Answer 16

Taught to be submissive and passive
Women are more likely to follow the teachings and not challenge/ question what you are being taught

Question 17

What is differential roles

Answer 17

Women have lower participation in paid work
Women have more time for church related activities
More need for a source of personal identity commitment = they need more opportunity to be someone else

Question 18

How does differential socialisation and differential roles lead to higher religiosity

Answer 18

Women are less likely to question what they are being taught due to them being passive and submissive
Female have more time to practice and value religion
Need a source of identity to escape from home

Question 19

What does halman and draulans say about women as the guardians of family life

Answer 19

Women act as guardians
Responsible in family life
Look after the home and children
Women are in charge of child’s moral development

Question 20

Why is life expectancy important in a greater religiosity in women

Answer 20

Women more likely to live longer
Look after their husbands
Givens them hope after their husband dies

Question 21

What did Bruce say about new age movements with women

Answer 21

Women are more likely to engage in them as they’re more feminine

Question 22

What types of deprivation do Glock and Stark say women face

Answer 22

Social deprivation - lack of power
Organismic deprivation - suffer physical/ mental problems
Ethical deprivation - perceive the world to be in moral decline
Psychic deprivation - wish for inner spiritual fulfilment

Question 23

Why may m’en with organismic deprivation be less attractive to NAMs

Answer 23

M’en may think more rationally
Not believe in the treatment
May feel drugs and alcohol are more useful so they can physically feel the effects

Question 24

Why do Cohen and Kennedy suggest men are more attracted to fundamentalist movements

Answer 24

There is limited choice
Men are more rational
Prefer straight answers

Question 25

How can Cohen and Kennedy be criticised about gender

Answer 25

Women know what are they are doing
And women are arrracted to it

Question 26

What is an example of a fundamentalism religion

Answer 26

Rastafarianism
Women are subordinate child bearers
Cannot be leaders, cannot cook for husbands when menstruating
No makeup
No chemicals in hair
No birth control

Question 27

How can it be criticised that more women are religious than men

Answer 27

Fertility levels = women have fewer children, lower church attendance in both genders
Feminist values = challenge Christian values about women
Paid employment = less women in paid work
Family diversity = single people, single parent families

Question 28

What does the 2021 census data show about religious beliefs and ethnicity

Answer 28

Christianity declining
Muslim increasing
White declining
Asian increasing
Black African increasing

Question 29

Why do ethnic minorities stay involved in religion

Answer 29

Economic factors
Identity
Family pressure
Coping strategy

Question 30

How do economic factors affect minorities and religion

Answer 30

Black people twice as likely to experience deep poverty in the UK
more exposed to sit of living crisis as incomes have slumped
Ethnic minorities more likely to be marginalised
Stark and Bainbridge = religion as supernatural compensator
Make up for struggles

Question 31

How does identity relate to minorities and religion

Answer 31

Strength through difference
Highly value their identity
Getting together, same culture gives you a voice and power

Question 32

How does family pressure relate to minorities and religion

Answer 32

People want to maintain connections with their country
Maintain close knit communities
More likely to live in a certain area together
Want your children to carry on your religion so it doesn’t get lost

Question 33

How does coping strategies relate to minorities and religion

Answer 33

Could be language and cultural clashes
Joining new community can help cope with transition, make them feel more welcome
Facing marginalisation and pressure, help to cope with these problems

Question 34

Who believes in cultural defence and cultural transition

Answer 34

Bruce

Question 35

What is cultural defence

Answer 35

People build a safe community away from racism
Use religion as a defence from hostility

Question 36

What is cultural transition

Answer 36

Facing challenges from the shock of transition
Religious communities help and support them to reduce the shock eg Hindu temples, Muslim mosques, Sikh gurdwaras

Question 37

What is evidence of cultural defence and transition

Answer 37

Areas which saw a high level of polish immigration have seen an increase in Catholic Churches

Question 38

What does chryssides state about religion and ethnicity

Answer 38

Immigrant groups have three main paths they can choose
Apostasy
Accommodation
Renewed vigor

Question 39

What is apostasy according to chryssides

Answer 39

Where a particular set of beliefs are abandoned in a hostile environment

Question 40

What is accommodation according to chryssides

Answer 40

Where religious practices are adapted to take into account the changed situation eg fasting is too difficult to do here so there is more praying

Question 41

What is renewed vigor according to chryssides

Answer 41

Where ethnic minorities reassert their religion more strongly
As a response to either or actual hostility

Question 42

How is religion a form of cultural defence

Answer 42

Davie- important source of identity, strength through difference
Chryssides- renewed vigor in hostility
Modood- first generation immigrants faced greater hostility, more religious

Question 43

How is religion not a cultural defence

Answer 43

Accommodation and apotasy
Code switching/ cultural hybridity
Could be family pressure