Organisation - Topic 2

Question 1

cell

Answer 1

basic building blocks that makes up al living things

Question 2

tissue and what are some examples?

Answer 2

a group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.
e.g - muscle tissue which contracts to move whatever it is attatched to.
glandular tissue which makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones.

Question 3

organ

Answer 3

group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function. e.g muscular tissue which moves the stomach wall to churn up food.

Question 4

organ system

Answer 4

a group of organs working together to perform a specific function. e,g digestive system.

Question 5

what is the role of enzymes in the digestive system

Answer 5

act as biological catylist which speed up the rate of biological reaction(breaking down food) without being used up or changed.

Question 6

how does the shape of an enzyme effect it?

Answer 6

every enzyme has a unique shape that is complementary to its substrate.

Question 7

lock and key model

Answer 7

the shape of the enzymes active site and the substrate are complementary so they can bind to make an enzyme-substrate complex.

Question 8

how does temperature effect enzyme action?

Answer 8

up to a certain point increasing temp also increases the enzyme action because the molecules have more kinetic energy. Above a certain temp (around 40 or 50 degrees) enzymes start to denature and the active site changes shape so the enzyme can no longer catylise the reaction.

Question 9

role of carbohydratse in digestive system? where is it made?

Answer 9

Amylase is an example of a carbohydrase. it breaks down starch into maltose and other sugars.
made in salivary gland, pancreas and the small intestine.

Question 10

what does protease doing the digestive system and where is it made?

Answer 10

converts proteins into amino acids.
made in stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

Question 11

what does lipase do in digestive system and where is it found?

Answer 11

converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
made in pancreas and small intestine.

Question 12

Where is bile made and what is its role in the digestive system?

Answer 12

Made in liver.
it is alkaline so neutralises the hydrochloric acid in the stomach otherwise it would be too acidic for enzymes to work.
emulsifies fats, giving them a bigger surface area for the lipase enzyme to work on

Question 13

main function of digestive system

Answer 13

too digest food and absorb nutrients obtained from digestion.

Question 14

role of pancreas and salivary glands in digestive system

Answer 14

produce digestive juices which contain enzymes.

Question 15

role of stomach in digestive system

Answer 15

produces hydrochloric acid which kills any bacteria.

Question 16

role of small intestine in digestive system

Answer 16

site where soluble molecules are absorbed into the blood stream.

Question 17

role of liver

Answer 17

produces bile

Question 18

role of large intestine in digestive system

Answer 18

absorbs water from undigested food producing faeces

Question 19

what is metabolism

Answer 19

the sum of all of the reactions in the body.

Question 20

how do you prepare your sample for a food test practical?

Answer 20

harmonise it

Question 21

how do you test for sugars

Answer 21

Benedict test

Question 22

Benedict test

Answer 22

1 - put 5 cm3 o food sample into a test tube.
2 - prepare water bath so tat it is at 75 degrees.
3- add benedicts solution using a pipette.
4- place the test tube in the water bath using a test tube holder, leave it in there for 5 mins.
5- if food sample contains sugar the colour will change from blue to brick red

Question 23

what do alveoli do? how have they adapted for this function?

Answer 23

carry out gas exchange in the body.
they have a large surface area
very thin walls (short diffusion path)
and they have a good blood supply

Question 24

what is the heart

Answer 24

organ that pumps blood around the body.

Question 25

how does the double circulatory system work?

Answer 25

in the first one the right ventricle pumps deoxygnated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen . The blood then returns to the heart
in the second one, the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. The blood gives up its oxygen to the boy cells and the deoxygenated blood returen to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again

Question 26

where does the blood pumped from the right ventricle go

Answer 26

the lungs

Question 27

describe the process of blood flowing through the heart

Answer 27

blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava and the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
the atria contract forcing blood into the ventricles causing the valves to shut.
after the ventricles contract blood is forced into the pulmonary artery(to the lungs) an the aorta (to the body)

Question 28

what are the three types of blood vessels.

Answer 28

arteries - carry blood away from the heart
capillaries - involved in exchange of materials at the tissue.
veins - carry blood to the heart.

Question 29

coronary heart disease

Answer 29

occurs when the coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty materials building up, causing arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle - could lead to heart attack

Question 30

what are stents

Answer 30

they are tubes inserted into arteries to keep them open making sure blood can pass through to heart.
they are a way of lowering the risk of a heart attack in people with CHD. effective for a long time and recovery time from surgery is really quick.

Question 31

What are the downsides of stents?

Answer 31

risk of complications during operation and risk of infection from surgery. risk of developing blood clot near the stent.

Question 32

what is heath

Answer 32

the state of physical, mental and social well being of a person not just the absence of disease.

Question 33

non-communicable disease

Answer 33

those that can not be spread between people or animals. e.g CHD and cancer.

Question 34

factors effecting health

Answer 34

diet, stress and life situation - e.g if you have easy assess to medical treatment

Question 35

risk factors

Answer 35

things that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease in their life time.
can be persons life style, environment ( e.g pollution or asbestos fibres)

Question 36

what is cancer

Answer 36

it is caused by uncontrolled growth and division.

Question 37

malignant tumour

Answer 37

tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissue. cells can break off and spread to other parts of body through blood stream. malignant cells then invade healthy tissues elsewhere in body causing secondary tumours.
they are dangerous and they are cancerous.

Question 37

Benign tumour

Answer 37

tumour grows until there is no more room it stays in one place usually within a membrane rather than invading other tisues in body.
not normally dangerous isn’t cancerous.